Cell phones with optical capabilities, and related applications

ABSTRACT

A cell phone is equipped with a 2D optical sensor, enabling a variety of applications. For example, such a phone may also be provided with a digital watermark decoder, permitting decoding of steganographic data on imaged objects. Movement of a phone may be inferred by sensing movement of an imaged pattern across the optical sensor&#39;s field of view, allowing use of the phone as a gestural input device through which a user can signal instructions to a computer-based process. A variety of other arrangements by which electronic devices can interact with the physical world are also detailed, e.g., involving sensing and responding to digital watermarks, bar codes, RFIDs, etc.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application claims priority benefit of each of the followingprovisional applications:

60/141,468, filed Jun. 29, 1999

60/151,586, filed Aug. 30, 1999

60/158,015, filed Oct. 6, 1999

60/163,332, filed Nov. 3, 1999

60/164,619, filed Nov. 10, 1999

This application is also a continuation-in-part of each of the followingapplications

Ser. No. 09/314,648, filed May 19, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,681,028

Ser. No. 09/342,688, filed Jun. 29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,761

Ser. No. 09/342,689, filed Jun. 29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,214

Ser. No. 09/342,971, filed Jun. 29, 1999, now abandoned

Ser. No. 09/343,101, filed Jun. 29, 1999, now abandoned

Ser. No. 09/343,104, filed Jun. 29, 1999, now abandoned

Ser. No. 09/531,076, filed Mar. 18, 2000

Ser. No. 09/543,125, filed Apr. 5, 2000

Ser. No. 09/547,664, filed Apr. 12, 2000

Ser. No. 09/552,998, filed Apr. 19, 2000, now abandoned

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

“Bedoop.” That might be the sound someone might hear as they lazilyplace a magazine advertisement in front of their desktop camera.Magically, the marketing and sales web site associated with the ad isdisplayed on their computer. More information? Want to buy now? Look atthe full product line? No problem.

“Bedoop.” That might be the same sound when that same someone placestheir credit card in front of their desktop camera. Instantly, theproduct displayed on the web page is purchased. Behind the scenes, asecure purchase link is initiated, transmitting all requisiteinformation to the vendor. Twist the credit card clockwise and thepurchaser chooses overnight delivery.

So goes an exemplary embodiment further described in thisspecifications. Although this example is rather specific, itnevertheless alludes to vast array of applications possible when aninput device such as a digital camera is turned into a general-purposeuser interface device with an intuitive power that very well might rivalthe mouse and the keyboard.

One aspect of certain embodiments is that an object or paper productso-scanned contains digital information that can be quickly read andacted upon by an appropriately configured device, computer or appliance.Such an embodiment envisions that this digital information isaesthetically hidden on objects. These objects have been previously andpro-actively marked with the digital information, using any of the broadrange of data encoding technologies, such as digital watermarking.

Although this aspect of the technology concentrates on flat objectapplications wherein the digital information is often imperceptiblyintegrated into the object, it is certainly not meant to be so limited.Objects can be three dimensional in nature and the information morevisually overt and/or pre-existing (i.e., not “pro-actively” embedded,or it might not even be “digital,” per se). Different implementationconsiderations attach to these variants. Likewise, though the bulk ofthis disclosure concentrates on objects which have some form of digitalmessage attached thereto, some aspects of the technology may apply toobjects which have no such thing, where the prior arts of patternrecognition and gestural input can be borrowed in combination with thistechnology to effect yet a broader array of applications.

Nor, as will be apparent, is the technology limited to systems employingoptical input and encoded imagery. Corresponding techniques can also beemployed with encoded audio. Indeed, any physical or electronic “object”can make use of the principles detailed herein.

“Bedoop.” The sound that a refrigerator might make, outfitted with asimple camera/processor unit/net connection, as a ten year old childholds up an empty milk carton and a ping goes out to the local grocerystore, adding the item to an accumulating delivery list. The sound thatmight be heard echoing over and over inside Internet cafes as heretoforecomputerphobes take their first skeptical steps onto the World Wide Web.The sound heard at the fast food counter as a repeat customer holds uphis sandwich card ticking off his latest meal, hoping for the sirens togo off for a $500 prize given to the lucky customer of the week. Bluesky scenarios abound.

Such aspects of the present technology are thus about powerful new userinterfaces to computers. These new user interfaces extend into theeveryday world in ways that a mouse and keyboard never could. Byenabling everyday objects to communicate their identities and functionsto ever-attendant devices, not only will the World Wide Web be given anentirely new dimension, but basic home and office computing may be instore for some fundamental advances as well.

According to one aspect, the invention includes a method of dataprocessing on a computer system, comprising (a) using an applicationprogram to compose an electronic version of a document; (b) printing thedocument onto paper, the printing including marking with machinereadable indicia encoding plural-bit auxiliary data; and (c) storing theplural-bit auxiliary data in association with data identifying alocation at which the electronic version of the document is stored.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method of dataprocessing on a computer system, comprising (a) presenting a printeddocument to an optical capture device; (b) processing image dataproduced by said device to decode plural-bit data encoded therein; (c)based on said decoded plural-bit data, launching a software applicationcorresponding,to said printed document; and (d) using said softwareapplication to open an electronic version of said document.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method ofoperating a computer, the computer including an operating system with aregistry database, the registry database associating specific data typeswith specific software programs particularly corresponding thereto,wherein the method further includes: (a) providing a frame of imagedata; (b) decoding plural-bit identifier data from the image data; (c)consulting the registry database to identify a software programcorresponding to said identifier data; and (d) invoking the identifiedsoftware program.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a greeting cardhaving a substrate with visually-perceptible indicia printed thereon,wherein the card is encoded with plural-bit binary data that can bedecoded by an image processing device and used to direct a computer to aweb site where an image, video, and/or audio presentation correspondingto said card is provided.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method ofproviding a customized greeting, comprising: (a) providing a greetingcard having plural-bit data encoded therein; (b) customizing a web sitepresentation corresponding to said card; (c) providing the card to arecipient; (d) decoding the encoded plural-bit data from the card; and(e) in response to the decoded plural-bit data, presenting to therecipient the web site presentation.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method of printinga magazine, comprising: (a) processing an electronic representation ofan advertisement to encode plural bit data therein; (b) printing a pageof advertising in accordance with said electronic representation toyield an encoded advertisement page; and (c) binding said page into amagazine; wherein said plural bit data serves to identify an entry in adatabase, said database entry having an internet address of a web pagethat is associated with said advertisement stored therein.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a promotional methodcomprising: (a) encoding a print advertisement to hide plural-bit datatherein; (b) processing the print advertisement to extract theplural-bit data therefrom; and (c) using at least a part of theextracted plural-bit data to direct an internet web browser to a website that provides consumer information related to a product or servicepromoted by the print advertisement.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method ofdetermining consumer response to print advertising, comprising: (a)encoding a first print advertisement with first data; (b) encoding asecond print advertisement with second data different than the first;(c) the first and second data providing identifiers by which consumerdevices can link to web pages associated with said advertisements; (d)monitoring linking traffic due to each of said identifiers to therebydetermine consumer response to the advertisements.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a promotional methodcomprising: (a) presenting an object within the field of view of anoptical sensor device, the object being selected from the listconsisting of a retail product, packaging for a retail product, orprinted advertising; (b) acquiring optical data corresponding to theobject; (c) decoding plural-bit digital data from the optical data; (d)submitting at least some of said decoded data to a remote computer; and(e) determining at the remote computer whether a prize should be awardedin response to submission of said decoded data.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method ofinteracting with a magazine using a computer, the computer including aninternet web browser, the method including: (a) providing a peripheraldevice having a sensor; (b) positioning the peripheral device adjacent afirst advertisement in the magazine to direct the web browser to a firstinternet address; and (c) positioning the peripheral device adjacent asecond advertisement in the magazine to direct the web browser to asecond internet address.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a computerperipheral and method of its use, the peripheral being used inconjunction with a computer system having an internet browser associatedtherewith, the peripheral comprising: (a) a housing adapted to fitwithin a user's palm and slide over a medium; (b) an optical sensorhaving at least one sensing element and producing optical data; (c) alens for imaging the medium onto the sensor, and the method includes:(a) sliding the peripheral over a portion of a printed advertisement;(b) processing the optical data to decode plural bit information encodedon the advertisement; and (c) using said plural bit information todirect the internet browser to an internet web page associated with saidadvertisement.

According to another aspect, the invention includes an electroniccommerce method comprising: (a) providing a printed catalog thatincludes an image of an article offered for sale by a merchant, whereinthe image is encoded with plural-bit binary data; (b) optically sensingthe image to produce optical data corresponding thereto; (c) decodingthe encoded data from the optical data; and (d) electronically orderingthe article from the merchant by use of said decoded data. The orderingmay make use of earlier-stored customer profile information (e.g.,clothing size data), and the encoding may be steganographic.

According to another aspect, the invention comprises a wirelesstelephony handset including a microphone, a modulator, and an RFamplifier, the device serving to receive audio and transmit an RF signalconveying audio modulation, the handset further including an opticalsensor producing optical data, a lens for imaging an object onto thesensor, and a decoder for decoding plural bit identifier data conveyedby a barcode or a digital watermark on the object.

According to another aspect, the invention includes an image-basednetwork navigation method permitting a user to link to a remotecomputer, comprising: (a) detecting encoded data from a printed object;(b) linking to the remote computer through a network in accordance withsaid encoded data; and (c) providing the user's zip code to the remotecomputer.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a method comprising:(a) sensing an object identifier from a first object; (b) sending saidfirst object identifier from a first device to a second device; (c) inresponse, at said second device, identifying address informationcorresponding to said first object identifier and sending same to thefirst device; (d) initiating a link from the first device in accordancewith said address information; (e) at said second device, identifyingadditional objects related to said first object; identifying additionaladdress information corresponding to said additional objects; andsending said additional address information to the first device; and (f)storing said additional address information in a memory at the firstdevice; wherein, if an object included among said identified additionalobjects is sensed by the first device, the corresponding addressinformation can be retrieved from said memory in the first devicewithout the intervening delays of communicating with the second device.

According to another aspect, the invention includes an apparatus havinga detector of machine readable data and a software program used inconjunction with said machine readable data, operable to transmit apacket of data to a remote system, said packet of data comprising (a) anidentifier of said software program, and (b) at least a portion ofdetected machine readable data.

According to another aspect, the invention includes an apparatus havinga detector of machine readable data and a software program used inconjunction with said machine readable data, operable to transmit apacket of data to a remote system, said packet of data comprising (a) acontext or environment identifier, and (b) at least a portion ofdetected machine readable data.

According to another aspect, the invention includes a networked computersystem, responsive to watermark data sent from a software program on aremote computer, to initiate delivery of advertisement data to saidremote computer.

In any of the foregoing arrangements, the encoding can be steganographic(e.g., by digital watermarking), or can employ other machine readabledata (e.g., barcodes, etc.). More generally, the arrangements justreviewed generally have counterparts that can be implemented with otherthan optical or image data (e.g., audio data, magnetic stripeinformation, etc.).

The foregoing just touches on a few of the many inventive aspects of thetechnology detailed below. These and other features of the presenttechnology will be more readily apparent from the following detaileddescription, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the principal process components of anillustrative system employing the present technology.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an illustrative system for performingthe response process of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram more particularly detailing an originatingdevice used in the system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates certain top level data flows in the system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 illustrates certain data flows associated with the router of FIG.2.

FIG. 6 illustrates certain data flows associated with the registrationprocess of FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 illustrates certain data flows associated with the producthandler of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 8-10 show a sequence of screen shots from an illustrative system.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a prior art scanner.

FIG. 14 shows an object being scanned along an arced path.

FIG. 15 shows how object warping may be detected.

FIG. 16 shows use of binocular processing to determine certain objectattributes.

FIG. 17 shows a watermark grid.

FIG. 18 shows a pre-warped watermark grid.

FIG. 19 shows another pre-warped watermark grid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Basically, the technology detailed in this disclosure may be regarded asenhanced systems by which users can interact with computer-baseddevices. Their simple nature, and adaptability for use with everydayobjects (e.g., milk cartons), makes the disclosed technology well suitedfor countless applications.

Due to the great range and variety of subject matter detailed in thisdisclosure, an orderly presentation is difficult to achieve. For want ofa better arrangement, the specification is broken into two main parts.The first part details a variety of methods, applications, and systems,to illustrate the diversity of the present technology. The second moreparticularly focuses on a print-to-internet application. A shortconcluding portion is presented in Part III.

As will be evident, many of the topical sections presented below areboth founded on, and foundational to, other sections. For want of abetter rationale, the sections in the first part are presented in a moreor less random order. It should be recognized that both the generalprinciples and the particular details from each section find applicationin other sections as well.

Compounding the situation, the present specification draws from severalpriority applications filed over the course of nearly a year.Accordingly, the same concepts are sometimes expressed several times,each reflecting a different perspective—depending on the date andcontext of the application in which it was first found.

The term “Bedoop” has been superceded in applicant's commercializationof the technology by the term Digimarc MediaBridge. Both terms are usedin this specification but refer to the same technology.

To prevent the length of this disclosure from compounding out ofcontrol, the various permutations and combinations of the features ofthe different sections are not exhaustively detailed. The inventorsintend to explicitly leach such combinations/permutations, butpracticality requires that the detailed synthesis be left to those whoultimately implement systems in accordance with such teachings.

Part I

Introduction to Digital Watermarking and other Encoding Techniques

There are nearly as many techniques for digital watermarking (a type ofsteganographic data encoding) as there are applications for it. Thereader is presumed to be familiar with the great variety of methods. Afew are reviewed below.

The present assignee's prior application Ser. No. 09/127,502, filed Jul.31, 1998, now published as WO0007356, shows techniques by which veryfine lines can be printed on a medium to slightly change the medium'sapparent tint, while also conveying digital data. Commonly-ownedapplication Ser. No. 09/074,034, filed May 6, 1998, now published as WO9953428, details how the contours of printed imagery can be adjusted toconvey digital data. (That technique can be applied to printed textcharacters, as well as the line art imagery particularly considered.)The assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,481 details how the surface of paperor other media can be textured to convey optically-detectable binarydata. The assignee's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,862,260, 5,841,886 and 5,809,160detail various techniques for steganographically encoding photographsand other imagery.

Some watermarking techniques arm based on changes made in the spatialdomain; others are based on changes made in transformed domains (e.g.,DCT, wavelet).

Watermarking of printed text can be achieved by slight variations tocharacter shape, character kerning, line spacing, etc., as shown byvarious writings by Brassil et al, including “Electronic Marking andIdentification Techniques to Discourage Document Copying,” Proceedingsof INFOCOM '94 Conference on Computer, IEEE Comm. Soc Conference, Jun.12-16, 1994, pp. 1278-1287; “Hiding Information in Document Images,”Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Conference on InformationSciences and Systems, p. 482-9, 1995; and “Document marking andidentification using both line and word shifting,” Proceedings of IEEEINFOCOM '95, The Conference on Computer Communications. FourteenthAnnual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and CommunicationsSocieties; Bringing Information to People (Cat. No. 95CH35759), p.853-60 vol. 2, 1995.

The foregoing is just a sampling of the large literature onwatermarking. The artisan is presumed to be familiar with such art, allof which is generally suitable for use with the novel concepts detailedbelow.

Although the following specification focuses on applications employingdigital watermarking, certain of such applications can alternativelyemploy other data encoding techniques, including 1D and 2D barcodes,magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), optical character recognition(OCR), optical mark recognition (OMR), radio frequency identification(RF/ID), UV/IR identification technologies, data glyphs, organictransistors, magnetic stripe, etc., depending on the particularapplication requirements.

Basic Principles—Refrigerators and Desktop Clutter

Referring to FIG. 11, a basic embodiment 110 of the present technologyincludes an optical sensor 112, a computer 114, and a network connection116 to the internet 118. The illustrated optical sensor 112 is a digitalcamera having a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels (color or black andwhite) that stares out, grabbing frames of image data five times persecond and storing same in one or more frame buffers. These frames ofimage data are analyzed by a computer 114 for the presence of Bedoopdata. (Essentially, Bedoop data is any form of plural-bit data encodingrecognized by the system 110—data which, in many embodiments, initiatessome action.) Once detected, the system responds in accordance with thedetected Bedoop data (e.g., by initiating some local action, or bycommunication with a remote computer, such as over the internet, via anonline service such as AOL, or using point-to-point dial-upcommunications, as with a bulletin board system).

Consider the milk carton example. The artwork on a milk carton can beadapted to convey Bedoop data. In the preferred embodiment, the Bedoopdata is steganographically encoded (e.g., digitally watermarked) on thecarton Numerous digital watermarking techniques are known—all of whichconvey data in a hidden form (i.e., on human inspection, it is notapparent that digitally encoded data is present). Exemplary techniquesoperate by slightly changing the luminance, or contours of selectedpoints on artwork or text printed on the carton, or by splattering tinydroplets of ink on the carton in a seemingly random pattern. Each ofthese techniques has the effect of changing the local luminance at areasacross the carton—luminance changes that can be detected by the computer114 and decoded to extract the encoded digital data. In the case of amilk carton, the data may serve to identify the object as, e.g., a halfgallon carton of Alpenrose brand skim milk.

The FIG. 11 apparatus can be integrated into the door of a refrigeratorand used to compile a shopping list. Milk cartons, and otherBedoop-encoded packaging, can be held up the optical sensor. When thecomputer 114 detects the presence of Bedoop data and successfullydecodes same, it issues a confirmation tone (“be-doop”) from a speakeror other audio transducer 122. The computer then adds data identifyingthe just-detected object to a grocery list. This list can be maintainedlocally (in disk storage or non-volatile RAM 124 or the like in therefrigerator or elsewhere in the home), or remotely (e.g., at a servercomputer located at a user-selected grocery, or elsewhere). In eitherevent, the list is desirably displayed on a display in the user's home(e.g., an LCD screen 126 built into the front of the appliance).Conventional user interface techniques can be employed permitting theuser to scroll through the displayed list, delete items as desired, etc.

Periodically, the listed groceries can be purchased and the listcleared. In one embodiment, the is list is printed (either at the homeor at the grocery), and the user walks the grocery aisles and purchasessame in the conventional manner. In another embodiment, the grocer pullsthe listed items from the shelves (in response to a user requestconveyed by the internet or telephone, or by a gesture as hereafterdetailed). Once the list has been pulled, the grocer can alert the userthat the groceries are available for pickup (again, e.g., by internet ortelephone message), or the grocer can simply deliver the groceriesdirectly to the user's home. Naturally, on-line payment mechanisms canbe employed if desired.

Consider a wholly unrelated Bedoop application. A Microsoft Excelspreadsheet is printed onto paper, and the paper becomes buried in astack of clutter on an office worker's desk. Months later thespreadsheet again becomes relevant and is dug out of the stack. Changesneed to be made to the data, but the file name has long-since beenforgotten. The worker simply holds the printed page in front of a cameraassociated with the desktop computer. A moment later, the electronicversion of the file appears on the worker's computer display.

When the page was originally printed, tiny droplets of ink or toner weredistributed across the paper in a pattern so light as to be essentiallyun-noticeable, but which steganographically encoded the page with aplural-bit binary number (e.g., 24-128 bits). A database (e.g.,maintained by the operating system, the Excel program, the printerdriver, etc.) stored part of this number (e.g., 20 bits, termed aUniversal Identifier, or UID) in association with the path and file nameat which the electronic version of the file was stored, the page numberwithin the document, and other useful information (e.g., author of thefile, creation date, etc.).

The steganographic encoding of the document, and the updating of thedatabase, can be performed by the software application (e.g., Excel).This option can be selected once by the user and applied thereafter toall printed documents (e.g., by a user selection on an “Options”drop-down menu), or can be presented to the user as part of the Printdialog window and selected (or not) for each print job.

When such a printed page is later presented to the camera, the computerautomatically detects the presence of the encoded data on the page,decodes same, consults the database to identify the filename/location/page corresponding to the 20-bit UID data, and opens theidentified file to the correct page (e.g., after launching Excel). Thisapplication is one of many “paper as portal” applications of the Bedooptechnology.

The foregoing are but two of myriad applications of the technologydetailed herein. In the following discussion a great many otherapplications are disclosed. However, regardless of the length of thespecification, it is possible only to begin to explore a few of the vastramifications of this technology.

A few more details on the basic embodiments described above may behelpful before delving into other applications.

Optics

For any system to decode steganographically encoded data from an object,the image of the object must be adequately focused on the digitalcamera's CCD (or other, e.g., CMOS) sensor. In a low cost embodiment,the camera has a fixed nominal focal length, e.g., in the range of 2-24inches (greater or lesser lengths can of course be used). Since thecamera is continuously grabbing and analyzing frames of data, the usercan move the object towards- or away-from the sensor until the decodersucceeds in decoding the steganographically encoded data and issues aconfirming “Bedoop” audio signal.

In more elaborate embodiments, known auto-focusing technology can beemployed.

In still other embodiments, the camera (or other sensor) can be equippedwith one or more auxiliary fixed-focus lenses that can be selectivelyused, depending on the particular application. Some such embodimentshave a first fixed focused lens that always overlies the sensor, withwhich one or more auxiliary lenses can be optically cascaded (e.g., byhinge or slide arrangements). Such arrangements are desirable, e.g.,when a camera is not a dedicated Bedoop sensor but also performs otherimaging tasks. When the camera is to be used for Bedoop, the auxiliarylens is positioned (e.g., flipped into) place, changing the focal lengthof the first lens (which may by unsuitably long for Bedoop purposes,such as infinity) to an appropriate Bedoop imaging range (such as onefoot).

Other lens-switching embodiments do not employ a fixed lens that alwaysoverlies the sensor, but instead employ two or more lenses that can bemoved into place over the sensor. By selecting different lenses, focallengths such as infinity, six feet, and one foot can be selected.

In all such arrangements, it is desirable (but not essential) that thesteganographically-encoded portion of the object being imaged fills asubstantial part of the image frame. The object can be of various sizes,e.g., a 10 by 12 inch front panel of a cereal box, or a proof ofpurchase certificate that is just one inch square. To meet thisrequirement, small objects need to be placed closer to the camera thanlarge objects. The optics of the system can be designed,.e.g., byselection of suitable aperture sizing and auxiliary lighting (ifneeded), to properly image objects of various sizes within a range offocal distances.

Some embodiments avoid issues of focal distances and identifying theintended object by constraining the size of the object and/or itsplacement. An example is a business card reader that is designed for thesole task of imaging business cards. Various such devices are known.

Decoding/Encoding

The analysis of the image data can be accomplished in various knownways. Presently, most steganographic decoding relies on general purposemicroprocessors that are programmed by suitable software instructions toperform the necessary analysis. Other arrangements, such as usingdedicated hardware, reprogrammable gate arrays, or other techniques, canof course be used.

The steganographic decoding process may entail three steps. In thefirst, the object is located. In the second, the object's orientation isdiscerned. In the third, the Bedoop data is extracted from the imagedata corresponding to the Bedoop object.

The first step, object location, can be assisted by various clues. Oneis the placement of the object; typically the center of the image fieldwill be a point on the object. The surrounding data can then be analyzedto try and discern the object's boundaries.

Another location technique is slight movement. Although the user willtypically try to hold the object still, there will usually be somejitter of the Bedoop object within the image frame (e.g., a few pixelsback and forth). Background visual clutter, in contrast, will typicallybe stationary. Such movement may thus be sensed and used to identify theBedoop object from within the image data.

Still another object-location clue is object shape. Many Bedoop objectsare rectangular in shape (or trapezoidal as viewed by the camera).Straight edge boundaries can thus be used to define an area of likelyBedoop data.

Color is a further object identification clue that may be useful in somecontexts.

Yet another object location clue is spatial frequency. In imagingsystems with well defined focal zones, undesired visual clutter may beat focal distances that results in blurring. The Bedoop object, incontrast, will be in focus and may be characterized by fine detail.Analyzing the image data for the high frequencies associated with finedetail can be used to distinguish the intended object from others.

Characteristic markings on the object (as discussed below in connectionwith determining object orientation) can also be sensed and used inlocating the object.

Once the Bedoop object has been located within the image data, maskingcan be applied (if desired) to eliminate image data not corresponding tothe intended object.

The next step in the decoding process, determining orientation of theBedoop data, can likewise be discerned by reference to visual clues. Forexample, some objects include subliminal graticule data, or othercalibration data, steganographically encoded with the Bedoop data to aidin determining orientation. Others can employ overt markings, eitherplaced for that sole purpose (e.g. reference lines or fiducials), orserving another purpose as well (e.g. lines of text), to discernorientation. Edge-detection algorithms can also be employed to deducethe orientation of the object by reference to its edges.

Some embodiments filter the image data at some point in the process toaid in ultimate Bedoop data extraction. One use of such filtering is tomitigate image data artifacts due to the particular optical sensor. Forexample, CCD arrays have regularly-spaced sensors that sample theoptical image at uniformly spaced discrete points. This discretesampling effects a transformation of the image data, leading to certainimage artifacts. An appropriately configured filter can reduce some ofthese artifacts.

(In some arrangements, the step of determining the orientation can beomitted. Business card readers, for example, produce data that isreliably free of artifacts and is of known scale. Or the encoding of theBedoop data can be effected in such a way that renders it relativelyimmune to certain distortion mechanisms. For example, while thepresently-preferred encoding arrangement operates on a 2D grid basis,with rows and columns of data points, the encoding can alternatively bedone on another basis (e.g., a rotationally-symmetric form of encoding,so that rotational state of the image data can be ignored). In stillother embodiments, the orientation-determining step can be omittedbecause the decoding can readily proceed without this information. Forexample decoding which relies on the Fourier-Mellin transform producesdata in which scale and rotation can be ignored.)

Once the orientation of the object is discerned, the image data may bevirtually re-registered, effectively mapping it to another perspective(e.g., onto a rectilinear image plane). This mapping can employ knownimage processing techniques to compensate, e.g., for rotation state,scale state, differential scale state, and X-Y offset, of the originalBedoop image data. The resulting frame of data may then be more readilyprocessed to extract the steganographically-encoded Bedoop data.

In an exemplary embodiment, after the image data is remapped intorectilinear planar form, subliminal graticule data is sensed thatidentifies the locations within the image data where the binary data isencoded. Desirably, the binary data is redundantly encoded, e.g., inblocks of eight-by-eight patches. Each patch comprises one or morepixels. (The patches are typically square, and thus contain 1, 4, 9, or16, etc. pixels.) The nominal luminance of each patch before encoding(e.g., artwork pre-existing on the object) is slightly increased ordecreased to encode a binary “1” or “0.” The change is slight enough tobe generally imperceptible to human observers, yet statisticallydetectable from the image data—especially if several such blocks areavailable for analysis. Preferably, the degree of change is adapted tothe character of the underlying image, with relatively greater changesbeing made in regions where the human eye is less likely to notice them.Each block thus encoded can convey plural bits of data (e.g., 16-128bits). The encoding of such blocks in tiled fashion across the objectpermits the data to be conveyed in robust fashion.

Much of the time, of course, the Bedoop sensor is staring out andgrabbing image frames that have no Bedoop data. Desirably, the detectionprocess includes one or more checks to assure that Bedoop data is notwrongly discerned from non-Bedoop image data. Various techniques can beemployed to validate the decoded data, e.g., error detecting codes canbe included in the Bedoop payload and checked to confirm correspondencewith the other Bedoop payload. Likewise, the system can confirm that thesame Bedoop data is present in different tiled excerpts within the imagedata, etc.

Details of particular encoding and decoding techniques can be found inU.S. Pat. No. 5,862,260 and application Ser. No. 09/503,881, thedisclosures of which are incorporated by reference. As noted, the datacan be encoded on a tiled basis, with each tile being 64 to 256 elementson a side. Each element can be 0.01 inches square. The Bedoop payloaddata can be redundantly represented by various error-tolerant codingtechniques (e.g., convolutions coding, trellis coding, turbo codes,etc.) to fill the tiled block. Each bit is thus redundantly encoded,with a “1” being represented as an increase at certain pixels, and as adecrease at other pixels. The increases and decreases can be scaled inaccordance with visual masking attributes of the image being encoded.The calibration signal can be summed with the tiled data signal and cancomprise a signal tailored in the frequency domain to have 12-64spectral impulses per quadrant, in a known pattern. During detection,the rotation or scaling of these impulses from their known frequencydomain coordinates permits the rotation or scaling of the image to bediscerned and compensated for.

Data Structures, Formats, Protocols, and Infrastructures

In an exemplary system, the Bedoop data payload is 64 bits. This payloadis divided into three fields CLASS (12 bits), DNS (24 bits) and UID (24bits). (Other payload lengths, fields, and divisions, are of coursepossible, as is the provision of error-checking or error-correctingbits.)

Briefly, the CLASS ID is the most rudimentary division of Bedoop data,and may be analogized, in the familiar internet taxonomy, to the limitednumber of top level domains (e.g., .com, .net, .org, .mil, .edu, .jp,.de, .uk, etc.). It is basically an indicator of object type. The DNS IDis an intermediate level of data, and may be analogized to internetserver addresses (e.g., biz.yahoo, interactive.wsj, etc.) The UID is thefinest level of granularity, and can roughly be analogized to internetpages on a particular server (e.g:, edition/current/summaries/front.htm,daily/home/default.hts, etc.).

Generally speaking, the CLASS ID and DNS ID, collectively, indicate tothe system what sort of Bedoop data is on the object. In the case ofBedoop systems that rely on remote servers, the CLASS and DNS IDs areused in identifying the server computer that will respond to the Bedoopdata. The UID determines precisely what response should be provided.

In the case of a refrigerator Bedoop system, what happens if an objectwith an unfamiliar CLASS/DNS ID data is encountered? The system can beprogrammed not to respond at all, or to respond with a raspberry-likesound (or other feedback) indicating, “I see a Bedoop object but don'tknow what to do with it.”

Most systems will be able to respond to several classes of Bedoopobjects. Simple software-based systems can compare the CLASS/DNS ID (andoptionally the UID) to fixed values, and can branch program execution tocorresponding subroutines. Likewise, hardware-based systems can activatedifferent circuitry depending on the detected CLASS/DNS ID.

In the case of a computer equipped with a Bedoop input device (e.g., aSony VAIO PictureBook laptop with built-in camera, or a desktop personalcomputer with a tethered camera), the operating system's registrydatabase can be employed to associate different application programswith different CLASS/DNS IDs (just as the .XLS and .DOC file extensionsare commonly associated by existing operating system registries toinvoke Microsoft Excel and Word software applications, respectively).When a new Bedoop application is installed, it logs an entry in theregistry database indicating the CLASS/DNS ID(s) that it will handle.Thereafter, when an object with such a CLASS/DNS ID is encountered, theoperating system automatically launches the corresponding application toservice the Bedoop data in an appropriate manner.

Sometimes the computer system may encounter a Bedoop object for which itdoes not have a registered application program. In such case, a defaultBedoop application can be invoked. This default application can, e.g.,establish an internet link to a remote server computer (or a network ofsuch computers), and can transmit the Bedoop data (or a part of theBedoop data) to that remote computer. The remote server can undertakethe response itself, it can instruct the originating computer how torespond appropriately, or it can undertake some combination of these tworesponses. (Such arrangements are further considered below.)

FIG. 12 shows an illustrative architecture employing the foregoingarrangement.

At a local Bedoop system 128 (which may be implemented, for example,using a conventional personal computer 129), a camera, scanner, or otheroptical sensor 130 provides image data to a decoder 132 (which may beimplemented as a software component of the operating system 133). Thedecoder 132 analyzes the image data to discern the plural-bit Bedoopdata. The CLASS ID of this Bedoop data is applied to a Bedoop registry134. The registry responds by identifying and launching a local Bedoopapplication 136 designed to service the discerned Bedoop data.

Sometimes the system 128 may encounter a Bedoop object for which severaldifferent responses may be appropriate. In the case of a printed officedocument, for example, one response may be as described above—to presentthe electronic version of the file on a computer, ready for editing. Butother responses may also be desired, such as writing an email message tothe author of the printed document, with the author's email addressalready specified in the message address field, etc.

Such different responses may be handled by different Bedoopapplications, or may be options that are both provided by a singleBedoop application. In the former case, when the CLASS/DNS IDs aredecoded and provided to the operating system, the registry indicatesthat there are two (or more) programs that might be invoked. Theoperating system can then present a dialog box to the user inviting theuser to specify which form of response is desired. Optionally, a defaultchoice can be made if the user doesn't specify within a brief period(e.g., three seconds). The operating system can then launch the Bedoopapplication corresponding to the chosen response.

A similar arrangement can be employed if a single Bedoop application canprovide both responses. In such case the operating system launches thesingle Bedoop application (since there is no ambiguity to be resolved),and the application presents the choice to the user. Again, the user canselect, or a default choice can be automatically made.

In the just-described situations, the user can effect the choice byusing the keyboard or mouse—as with traditional dialog boxes. But Bedoopprovides another, usually easier, form of interaction. The user can makethe selection through the optical sensor input. For example, moving theobject to the right can cause a UI button on the right side of thedialog box to be selected; moving the object to the left can cause a UIbutton on the left side of the dialog box to be selected; moving theobject towards the camera can cause the selected button to be activated.Many other such techniques are possible, as discussed below.

If the registry 134 does not recognize, or otherwise does not know howto respond to Bedoop data of that particular CLASS/DNS, the registrylaunches a default Bedoop client application. This client application,in turn, directs a web browser 40 on the local Bedoop system 128 tocommunicate with a remote master registration server computer 42. Thelocal computer forwards the Bedoop data to this master server. Themaster server 42 examines the CLASS ID, and forwards the Bedoop data(directly, or through intervening servers) to a corresponding CLASSserver 44. (A single server may handle Bedoop data of several classes,but more typically there is a dedicated server for each CLASS.)

Each CLASS server 44 serves as the root of a tree 46 of distributed DNSservers. A DNS server 48 a, for example, in a first tier 50 of the DNSserver tree, may handle Bedoop data having DNS IDs beginning with “000.”Likewise, DNS server 48 b may handle Bedoop data having DNS IDsbeginning with “001,” etc., etc.

Each DNS server in the first tier 50 may, in turn, route Bedoop data toone of 8 servers in a second tier of the tree, in accordance with thefourth-through sixth bits of the DNS data. The tree continues in thisfashion until a terminal level of DNS leaf node servers 56.

Ultimately, Bedoop data routed into this network reaches a DNS leaf nodeserver 56. That leaf node server may handle the Bedoop data, or mayredirect the local Bedoop system to a further server 58 that does so.That ultimate server—whether a DNS leaf node server or a furtherserver—can query the local Bedoop system for further information, ifnecessary, and can either instruct the local Bedoop system how torespond, or can undertake some or all of the response itself and simplyrelay appropriate data back to the local Bedoop system.

In arrangements in which the local Bedoop system is redirected, by theDNS leaf node server, to a further server that actually handles theresponse, access to the further server may be through a port 59 (e.g., aspecial URL) tailored to receipt of Bedoop data.

In a typical implementation, most or all of the servers are mirrored, orotherwise replicated/redundant, so that failure of individual computersdoes not impair operation of the system.

Caching can be provided throughout the trees of servers to speedresponses. That is, responses by leaf nodes for certainlycommonly-encountered CLASS/DNS IDs can be temporarily stored earlier inthe tree(s). Bedoop data, propagating through the server network, canprompt a response from an intermediate server if there is a cache hit.

If desired, Bedoop traffic through the above-detailed server trees canbe monitored to collect demographic and statistical information as towhat systems are sending what Bedoop data, etc. One use of suchinformation is to dynamically reconfigure the DNS network to betterbalance server loads, to virtually relocate DNS resources nearer regionsof heavy usage, etc. Another use of such information is for marketingpurposes, e.g., to promote certain Bedoop features and applicationswithin user groups (e.g., internet domains) that seem to under-utilizethose features.

Within certain user networks that are linked to the internet, e.g.,corporate networks, Bedoop data that isn't handled within theoriginating Bedoop system may first be routed to a Bedoop name serverwithin the corporate network. That server will recognize certain typesof Bedoop data, and know of resources within the corporate networksuitable for handling same. Referral to such resources within thecorporate network will be made, where possible. These resources (e.g.,corporate servers) may respond to Bedoop data in a way customized to thecorporate preferences. If the corporate Bedoop name server does not knowof a resource within the corporate network that can respond to theBedoop data, the corporate name server then routes the data to thepublic Bedoop network described above. (Such referral can be to themaster registration server or, to the extent the corporate name serverknows the addresses of appropriate servers within the DNS server tree,or of the further servers to which DNS servers may point for certainBedoop data, it can redirect the local Bedoop system accordingly.)

In typical rich Bedoop implementations, local systems may have librariesof Bedoop services, applications, or protocols. Some may be unique tothat computer. Others may be commonly available on all computers. Somemay be highly secure, employing encryption and/or anti-hacking measures,or data protocols that are not generally recognized. Others may beshareware, or the result of open-source programming efforts.

While the just-described arrangements used a 12/24/24 bit protocol forCLASS/DNS/UID data, other arrangements can of course be used. In someapplications it is advantageous for the protocol to more nearly matchthose commonly used for internet communications. For example, IPaddresses for internet Domain Name Servers (DNS) are presently 32 bits,with extension to 64 or 128 bits foreseen in the near future. The DNSfield in Bedoop systems can be follow the internet standard.

Greeting Cards, Birthday Cards, Etc.

To further illustrate some of the basic principles associated with thistechnology, consider greeting cards and the like that are encoded (e.g.,by texturing, printing, etc.) with Bedoop data. On receiving such acard, a recipient holds it in front of the image capture device on alaptop or other computer. The computer responds by displaying aninternet web page that has a stock- or customized-presentation (image,video, audio-video, etc.) to complement that presented on the greetingcard.

The web site presentation can be personalized by the sender (e.g., witha text message, recent family photographs, etc.), either at the point ofcard sale, or sometime after the card is purchased. In the latter case,for example, the card can be serialized. After taking the card home, thepurchaser can visit the card vendor's web site and enter the card serialnumber in an appropriate user interface. The purchaser is then presentedwith a variety of simple editing tools to facilitate customization ofthe web greeting. When the sender is finished designing the webgreeting, the finished web page data is stored (by software at thevendor's web site) at a site corresponding to the serial number.

When the card is received by a recipient and held in front of a Bedoopsensor, CLASS, DNS, and UID data is decoded from the card. The CLASS andDNS data are used to navigate the earlier-described server network toreach a corresponding DNS leaf node server (perhaps maintained by theHallmark greeting card company). That leaf node server indexes a table,database, or other data structure with the UID from the Bedoop data, andobtains from that data structure the address of an ultimate web site—thesame address at which the web greeting customized by the sender wasstored. That address is provided by the DNS leaf node server back to thelocal computer, with instructions that the web page at that address beloaded and displayed (e.g., by HTML redirection). The local computercomplies, presenting the customized web greeting to the card recipient.

In the just-described embodiment, in which a pre-encoded card ispurchased by a sender and the web-display is then customized, theaddress of the web site is typically determined by the card vendor. Butthis need not be the case. Likewise, the card need not be “purchased” inthe typical, card-shop fashion.

To illustrate the foregoing alternatives, consider the on-lineacquisition of a greeting card, e.g., by visiting a web sitespecializing in greeting cards. With suitable user-selection (and,optionally, customization), the desired card can be printed using anink-jet or other printer at the sender's home. In such case, the Bedoopdata on the card can be similarly customized. Instead of leading to asite determined by the card vendor, the data can lead to the sender'spersonal web page, or to another arbitrary web address.

To effect such an arrangement, the sender must arrange for a DNS leafnode server to respond to a particular set of Bedoop data by pointing tothe desired web page. While individuals typically will not own DNSservers, internet service providers commonly will. Just as AOL providessimple tools permitting its subscribers to manage their own modest webpages, internet service providers can likewise provide simple toolspermitting subscribers to make use of DNS leaf node servers. Eachsubscriber may be assigned up to 20 UIDs. The tools would permit theusers to define a corresponding web address for each UID. Whenever aBedoop application led to that DNS leaf node server, and presented oneof those UIDs, the server would instruct the originating computer toload and present the web page at the corresponding web address.

Prior to customizing the greeting card, the sender uses the toolprovided by the internet service provider to store the address of adesired destination web address in correspondence with one of thesender's available UIDs. When customizing the greeting card, the senderspecifies the Bedoop data that is to be encoded, including thejust-referenced UID. The greeting card application encodes this datainto the artwork and prints the resulting card. When this card is laterpresented to a Bedoop system by the recipient, the recipient's systemloads and displays the web page specified by the sender.

Commerce in Bedoop Resources

In the just-described arrangement, internet service providers makeavailable to each subscriber a limited number of UIDs on a DNS servermaintained by the service. Business enterprises typically need greaterBedoop resources, such as their own DNS IDs (or even their own CLASSID(s).

While variants of the Bedoop system are extensible to provide anessentially unlimited number of CLASS IDs and DNS IDs, in theillustrated system these resources are limited. Public service,non-profit, and academic applications should have relatively generousaccess to Bedoop resources, either without charge or for only a modestcharge. Business enterprises, in contrast, would be expected to pay feesto moderate their potentially insatiable demand for the resources. Smallbusinesses could lease blocks of UIDs under a given CLASS/DNS ID. Largerbusinesses could acquire rights to entire DNS IDs, or to entire CLASSIDs (at commensurately greater fees).

Web-based systems for assigning DNS IDs (and CLASS IDs) can be modeledafter those successfully used by lnternic.com, and nowNetworksolutions.com, for registration of internet domains. The userfills out a web-based form with names, addresses, and billinginformation; the system makes the necessary changes to all of the hiddensystem infrastructure—updating databases, routing tables, etc., inservers around the world.

Controlled-Access ID

Just as the above-described embodiment employed an inkjet printer toproduce a customized-Bedoop greeting card, the same principles canlikewise be applied to access-control objects, such as photo-IDs.

Consider an employment candidate who will be interviewing at a newemployer. The candidate's visit is expected, but she is not recognizedby the building's security personnel. In this, and many otherapplications, arrangements like the following can be used:

The employer e-mails or otherwise sends the candidate an access code.(The code can be encrypted for transmission.) The code is valid only fora certain time period on a given date (e.g., 9:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m. onJun. 28, 1999).

Upon receipt of the access code, the candidate downloads from the website of the state Department of Motor Vehicles the latest copy of herdriver's license photo. The DMV has already encoded this photo withBedoop data. This data leads to a state-run DNS leaf node server 56.When that server is presented with a UID decoded from a photograph, theserver accesses a database and returns to the inquiring computer a textstring indicating the name of the person depicted by the photograph.

The candidate incorporates this photo into an access badge. Using asoftware application (which may be provided especially for suchpurposes, e.g., as part of an office productivity suite such asMicrosoft Office), the photo is dragged into an access badge template.The access code emailed from the employer is also provided to thisapplication. On selecting “Print,” an inkjet printer associated with thecandidate's computer prints out an access badge that includes her DMVphoto and her name, and is also steganographically encoded in accordancewith the employer-provided access code.

The name printed on the badge is obtained (by the candidate's computer)from the DMV's DNS server, in response to Bedoop data extracted from thephotograph. (In this application, unlike most, the photograph is notscanned as part of a Bedoop process. Instead, the photograph is alreadyavailable in digital form, so the Bedoop decoding proceeds directly fromthe digital representation.)

For security purposes, the access code is not embedded using standardBedoop techniques. Instead, a non-standard format (typicallysteganographic) is employed. The embedding of this access code can spanthe entire face of the card, or can be limited to certain regions (e.g.,excluding the region occupied by the photograph).

On the appointed day the candidate presents herself at the employer'sbuilding. At the exterior door lock, the candidate presents the badge toan optical sensor device, which reads the embedded building access code,checks it for authenticity and, if the candidate arrived within thepermitted hours, unlocks the door.

Inside the building the candidate may encounter a security guard. Seeingan unfamiliar person, the guard may visually compare the photo on thebadge with the candidate's face. Additionally, the guard can present thebadge to a portable Bedoop device, or to one of many Bedoop systemsscattered through the building (e g., at every telephone). The Bedoopsystem extracts the Bedoop data from the card (i.e., from the DMVphotograph), interrogates the DMV's DNS server with this Bedoop data,and receives in reply the name of the person depicted in the photograph.(If the Bedoop system is a telephone, the name may be displayed on asmall LCD display commonly provided on telephones.)

The guard checks the name returned by the Bedoop system with the nameprinted on the badge. On seeing that the printed and Bedoop-decodednames match (and optionally checking the door log to see that a personof that name was authorized to enter and did so), the security guard canlet the candidate pass.

It will be recognized that the just-described arrangement offers veryhigh security, yet this security is achieved without the candidate everpreviously visiting the employer, without the employer knowing what thecandidate looks like, and by use of an access badge produced by thecandidate herself.

Variants of such home-printed badge embodiments find numerousapplications. Consider purchasing movie- or event-tickets over the web.The user can print an access ticket that has an entry code embeddedtherein. On arriving at the theater or event, the user presents theticket to an optical scanning device, which decodes the entry code,checks the validity of same, authorizes the entry, and marks that entrycode as having been used (preventing multiple uses of tickets printedwith the same code).

Another Controlled Access ID

A great variety of access control systems can be implemented using thepresent technology. The foregoing is just one example.

Another application employs an ID card, Bedoop technology, and proximitydetection technology (commnonly known as RFID).

The ID card can be a badge or the like having asteganographically-encoded photograph of the bearer. The card furtherincludes a proximity ID device, such as an unpowered electronic circuitthat is excited and detected by a radiant field from an associatedproximity detector, providing a unique signature signal identifying aparticular individual.

The building can be provided with an image sensor (such as a videocamera or the like), an associated Bedoop. detection system, and theproximity detector. When a user wearing the badge approaches, theproximity detector signals the camera to capture image data. The Bedoopdetection system identifies the badge photograph (e.g., by clues as aredescribed in the prior applications, or without such aids), capturesoptical data, and decodes same to extract thesteganographically-embedded data hidden therein. The access controlsystem then checks whether the badge ID discerned from the proximitysensor properly corresponds to the Bedoop data extracted from thephotograph on the badge. If so, access is granted; if not, the data islogged and an alarm is sounded.

By such arrangement, premises security is increased. No longer canproximity-based access badges be altered to substitute the picture of adifferent individual. If the photo is swapped, the proximity system IDand the embedded photo data will not match, flagging an unauthorizedattempted access.

The same principles are applicable in many other contexts—not limited toRF-based proximity detection systems. For example, the data decoded fromthe photograph can be compared against other forms of machine-sensedpersonal identification associated with the badge. These include, butare not limited to, bar code IDs, mag-stripe ID cards, smart cards, etc.Or the comparison can be with an identification metric not associatedwith the badge (e.g., retinal scan, voice print, or other biometricdata).

Ink-Jet Printing

In the foregoing discussions, reference has been made to use of inkjetprinting as a means for providing steganographically encoded indicia onsubstrates. The following discussion expands on some of the operativeprinciples.

The basic physics and very low level analog electronic operation ofink-jet printers (sometimes termed bubble-jet printers) are ideallysuited to support very-light-tint background digital watermarking on anyform of substrate. (Watermarking through apparent “tinting” ofsubstrates is discussed in published specification WO0007356,corresponding to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/127,502.) In general, thestatement, “if you can print it with an ink jet printer, you canwatermark it” is largely accurate, even for (perhaps especially for)simple text documents. Indeed, there is a degree of flexibility andcontrol in the ink-jet printing realm that is not as generally availablein more traditional printing technologies, such as commercial offsetprinting and other plate-based technologies. (This is not to say thatink-jet has better quality than plate-based technologies; it has more todo with the statistics of ink droplets than anything else.) Heavier tintbackgrounds are possible as well, where the continuum ranges from verylight background tinting, where the casual observer will see “whitepaper,” all the way through heavily inked patterned backgrounds, andphotographs themselves, and everything in between.

In some embodiments, the inkjet driver software is modified to providelower-level control of individual droplet emission than is provided inexisting printer drivers, which are naturally optimized for text andgraphics. In some such embodiments, the “watermarking” print mode isanother option from which the user can select (e.g., in addition to HighQuality, Econo-Fast, etc.), or the selection can be made automaticallyby application software that is printing watermarked data.

In more sophisticated embodiments, the watermark data is applied to theprinter driver software independently of the other image/text data. Theprinter driver is arranged to eject droplets in the usual print densityfor the image/text data, and at a more accurately-controlled, finerdensity for the separately-applied watermark data. (The latter may beeffected as a slight modulation signal on the former.) This arrangementprovides for essentially transparent integration into existing printerenvironments—no one need worry about the watermarking capability exceptthe software applications that specifically make use of same.

Consumer Marking of Web-Based Materials

Various items of printed media can originate off the web, yet be printedat home. Examples include movie tickets, coupons, car brochures, etc.Bedoop data can be added, or modified, by the software application or bythe printer driver at the time of printing. (Alternatively, the Bedoopdata can be customized to correspond to the user before being downloadedto the user's system for printing.)

One advantage to Bedoop-encoding printed images locally, as opposed toBedoop-encoding the image files prior to downloading for local printing,is that the encoding can be tailored in accordance with the particularproperties of the local printer (e.g., to increase robustness ordecrease visibility)—properties not generally known to a remote server.

In one particular example, the UID field in the Bedoop data can bewritten with a value that serves as an index to a database of userprofiles, permitting later systems to which the printed item ispresented to personalize their response in accordance with the profiledata.

In another example, the UID field serves an authentication purpose,e.g., to verify that the printed medium actually was printed at aparticular place, or by a particular user or at a particular time.

Coffee Mug

At retail coffee outlets, customers commonly order the same drink dayafter day (“half-decaf, short, skinny latte”). Some customers presentpersonal coffee mugs to the cashier, preferring the sensation of ceramicor metal to paper, and avoiding the trash/recycle dilemma.

The drinker's “regular” order can be Bedoop-encoded either on the mugitself or, more commonly, on an adhesive label applied to the mug. Theencoding can be in addition to other aesthetic imagery (e.g., artwork ora photo), or the marking can be purely data. Labels the size of postagestamps may be used.

On handing the mug to the cashier, the customer can simply say “theregular.” The cashier passes the mug in front of the optical scanningdevice of a Bedoop system associated with the cash register. The systemsteganographically decodes the data and provides the corresponding order(“half-decaf, short, skinny latte”), either textually or audibly (e.g.,by a voice synthesizer) to the cashier or the barrista. The cashregister system also knows the current price of the requested drink, andrings up the charge accordingly.

Labels of the type described can be available to the cashier onpre-printed rolls, just as with other adhesive stickers, or can beprinted on-demand. (Small label printers may be best suited in thelatter case, given space constraints in retail outlets.) Customersordering drinks for personal mugs may be invited to take a labelcorresponding to their just-ordered drink and apply it to their mug forfuture use.

In variants on this basic theme, the mug label can be further encoded(or a supplemental label can be provided and encoded) with electronicpayment information, such as the customer's credit card number, or thenumber of a debit account maintained by the coffee merchant for thatcustomer. When the mug is scanned for the drink order, the systemlikewise detects the payment information and charges the correspondingfee to the appropriate account. (For security reasons, the system may bearranged so that the mug cannot be used to authorize more than, say $5of coffee drink purchases per day.)

In another variant on this theme, the system maintains an electronic logof coffee purchases made by the customer and, in accordance withthen-prevailing marketing considerations, rewards the customer with afree drink after 8 or 12, etc., drinks have been purchased.

In still another variant on this theme, regular customers who useBedoop-labeled mugs can participate in periodic promotions in which, forexample, every N^(th) such customer is rewarded with a cash ormerchandise prize. Bells go off when the N^(th) mug is scanned. (N canbe a fixed number, such as 500, or can be a random number—typicallywithin a known range or with a known mean.)

Warping and Focus Issues

The coffee cup is an example of a non-planar object. Another is softdrink cans. Special issues can arise when encoding and decoding markingson such objects. For example, when sensing such an object with a cameraor the like, part of the image will be out of focus due to differingdistances from the camera to different parts of the can surface.

While parts of an image sensed from a non-planar object, such as a can,may be out of focus, they still convey useful image data. The out offocus areas are just blurred—as if filtered by a low pass filter. But tomake use of this information, a further complication must first beaddressed: warping.

When viewed from a camera, the planar artwork with which the can iswrapped becomes warped. Portions of the can nearest the camera appear ata nominal full scale, while areas successively further around the cancurvature (as viewed from the camera) appear progressively more and morespatially compressed. Regardless of the watermarking technology beingemployed, the physical warp of the can's surface is likewise manifestedas a warping of the encoded watermark data.

On way of handling this issue is to pre-warp the watermark pattern toaccount for this optical distortion.

In watermarking techniques that operate directly on luminance values,the grid by which the watermark is applied can be pre-distorted tocounteract the subsequent optical distortion of the artwork as it isperceived on the cylindrical can. Consider a Pepsi or Coke can. Avirtual center line may pass through the center of the logo artwork (the“front” of the can), and serves as a center line of one of the watermarkgridded tiles. On either side of this center line the grid issuccessively stretched. This stretching is computed so that, when viewedby a camera, the watermark grid has the appearance of being uniformlyrectilinear, instead of being successively compressed towards theapparent edge of the can, as would otherwise be the case.

An illustration of such an approach is shown in the Figures. FIG. 17shows an unwarped grid—as would commonly be used in watermarking planarobjects. FIG. 18 shows the same grid—prewarped to account for opticaldistortion due to can curvature. The artwork (e.g., label) center-lineis shown by the dotted lines.

More typically the grid is square rather than rectangular. Moreover, theillustrated distortion contemplates that the depicted grid spans +/−90degrees from the can front. Also, the grid is typically smaller (e.g.,one inch on a side), so several grids are tiled adjacent each other in aspan of +/−90 degrees.) Still further, the illustrated pre-warping isbased on an infinite projection (i.e., the can surface as viewed from adistance of infinity—encompassing a full +/−90 degrees from the centerline). More typically, the warp would be computed based on a finiteprojection—using a typical lens-to-object distance (e.g., 2-24 inches),resulting in a view that encompasses less than a full +/−90 degree rangefrom the center line.

The illustrated grid is pre-warped only in the horizontal direction, andonly in accordance with a curvature-induced geometrical distortion.Another apparent geometrical distortion is also present—one due todifferent parts of the can being further from the camera. The furtheraway, the smaller the appearance. Accordingly, grid elements expected tobe positioned further from the camera should be made commensuratelylarger in order to pre-compensate for this distance-induced geometricaldistortion. Such distance-induced geometrical distortion is manifestedequally in the horizontal and vertical directions. Thus, a more accuratepre-warp would also progressively swell the grid cells both in verticaland horizontal dimensions at progressive displacements from the centerline, so as to counter-act the further-looks-smaller effect. FIG. 19shows the basic nature of such a pre-warp.

The degree of this latter pre-warping will be heavily dependent on thedistance from the camera lens to the front of the can. If the distanceis on the order of two inches, the further-looks-smaller effect will bemuch more pronounced that if the distance is a foot or more. In thelatter case, the distance to the most remote portion of the imagedobject may be 110% the distance to the closest portion, whereas in theformer case, the ratio may be more on the order of 200%.

The illustrated pre-warping is exemplary of that which may be appliedwhen the watermark is applied in the pixel domain using a grid pattern.It is geometrical pre-warping—i.e., in the spatial domain. Otherwatermarking approaches would naturally require pre-warping of othersorts, corresponding to the anticipated warping of the watermark datarepresentation. For example, watermarking techniques that rely onchanging image coefficients in transformed domains would requiredifferent adjustments. Conceptually these adjustments are the same(i.e., resulting in an apparent image having the intended watermarkinformation), but the manifestation is not susceptible to illustrationlike that given in FIGS. 17 and 18 (i.e., since transform coefficientsare being changed—rather than grid layout, warping in a transformdomain—rather than in a spatial domain, would be required).

Although the foregoing description focused on pre-warping the image, theproblem can be handled otherwise. If a rectilinear watermark—notpre-warped—is applied to a cylindrical can, the watermark detector canapply an unwarping operation to counteract the applicable distortion.That is, the detector can virtually remap the raw pixel data toeffectively stretch the pixels away from the center line to restore themto their proper rectilinear relationship.

In one embodiment, the sensed image data is first trial-decoded withoutunwarping—assuming the imaged subject is planar. If no watermark isdetected, the same data (or a subsequent frame of image data) istrial-unwarped to see if perhaps the data so yields a readablewatermark. Several successive unwarpings of different characters may betried. In some embodiments, a detector may continuously cycle throughseveral different unwarping functions (including no unwarping) to tryand happen on an unwarping function that permits a watermark bediscerned from the image data.

If the application permits, the user may specify the shape of the objectso that a single, or limited range, of unwarping functions is applied.Or the user can simply provide a gross cue to the detector (e.g., byselecting between “magazines” or “grocery products” on a user interfaceassociated with the watermark detector). In the former case, the mediumis known to be flexible and may assume random simple curvatures otherthan planar. In such case the detector may spend most of its time tryingto decode the watermark assuming the imaged page is planar, andoccasionally try applying one of four or eight different unwarpingfunctions as would be appropriate if the magazine page were slightlydrooping in different directions. In the latter case, grocery productsare generally fairly unflexible and thus have relatively predictableshapes—most commonly planar or cylindrical. In such case the detectormay spend half its time trying to decode assuming the object is planar,and spend the other half of its time cycling among a variety ofcylindrical unwarping functions.

While the foregoing discussion particularly addressed imagewatermarking, counterparts of these principles are likewise applicableto audio watermarking.

Smart Elevators

In accordance with another embodiment, a building elevator is providedwith one or more optical capture devices. Each device examines monitorsthe contents of the elevator chamber, looking for Bedoop encodedobjects, such as ID badges.

On sensing a Bedoop-encoded object, the elevator can determine—amongother data—the floor on which the wearer's office is located. The systemcan then automatically direct the elevator to that floor, without theneed for the person to operate any buttons. (The elevator's button panelcan be provided with a new, override button that can be operated toun-select the most recently selected floor(s), e.g., in case a userwants to travel to a different floor.)

To aid in identification, the Bedoop objects (e.g., badges) can becolored a distinctive color, permitting the system to more easilyidentify candidate objects from other items within the optical capturedevices' field of view. Or the object can be provided with aretro-reflective coating, and the elevator can be equipped with one ormore illumination sources of known spectral or temporal quality (e.g.,constant infra red, or constant illumination with a single- ormulti-line spectrum, or a pulsed light source of known periodicity; LEDsor semiconductor lasers, each with an associated diffuser, can be usedfor each the foregoing and can be paired with the image capturedevices). Other such tell-tale clues can likewise be used to aid inobject location. In all such cases, the optical capture device can sensethe tell-tale clue(s) using a wide field of view sensor. The device canthen be physically or electronically steered, and/or zoomed, to acquirea higher resolution image of the digitally-encoded object suitable fordecoding.

Magazines

Magazine (and newspaper) pages can be steganographically encoded withBedoop data to provide another “paper as portal” experience. As with theearlier-described office document case, the encoded data yields anaddress to a computer location (e.g., a web page) having the same, orrelated, content.

In one exemplary embodiment, the blank magazine page stock isBedoop-encoded prior to printing. The watermarking can be performed byhigh speed ink-jet devices, which splatter a fine pattern of essentiallyimperceptible ink droplets across each page. Each page can bedifferently watermarked so that, on decoding, page 21 of a magazine canbe distinguished from page 22 of the same magazine (and page 106 of theJun. 21, 1999, issue can be distinguished from page 106 of the Jun. 28,1999, issue). If desired, each page can be further segregated intoregions—either in accordance with the actual boundaries of articles thatwill later be printed on the pages, or in a grid pattern, e.g., of 3columns across by 5 rows high. Each region conveys a distinct Bedoopcode, permitting different portions of the page to lead to different webdata.)

After watermarking and printing, the pages thus produced are bound inthe usual fashion with others to form the finished magazine. (Not allpages in the magazine need to be watermarked.)

Of course, the watermarking can be effected by processes other thanink-jet printing. For example, texturing by pressure rollers is anotheroption well suited for the large volumes of paper to be processed Or theartwork presented in the advertisement can be digitally watermarkedusing commercial watermarking software (as is available, e.g., withAdobe Photoshop and Corel image editing products).

On presenting a magazine to the optical scanner device of aBedoop-compliant computer, the computer senses the Bedoop data, decodessame, and launches a web browser to an internet address corresponding tothe Bedoop data. If the magazine page is an advertisement, the internetaddress can provide information complementary to the advertisement Forexample, if the magazine page is an advertisement for a grocery item,the Bedoop data can identify a web page on which recipes that make useof the advertised item are presented. If the magazine page includes aphoto of a tropical beach, the Bedoop data can lead to a travel web page(e.g., hosted by Expedia or other travel enterprise) that presents fareand lodging information useful to a reader who wants to vacation at theillustrated beach. (The fare information can be customized to thereader's home airport by reference to user profile data stored on theuser's computer and relayed to the web site to permit customization ofthe displayed page.)

The data to which the Bedoop data leads needn't be static; it can beupdated on a weekly, daily, or other basis. Thus, if a months-oldmagazine page is presented to a Bedoop device, the resultant data can beup-to-the-minute. The linked data can include audio and/or videopresentations.

In the case of advertising, the inclusion of Bedoop data increases thevalue of the ad to the advertiser, and so merits a higher charge to theadvertiser from the magazine publisher. This higher charge may be sharedwith the enterprise(s) that provides the Bedoop technology andinfrastructure through which the higher value is achieved.

Business Card Applications

Conventional business cards can be steganographically encoded withBedoop data, e.g., by texturing, watermark tinting, ink-jet splattering,text steganography, etc. As with many of the earlier-describedembodiments, the steganographic encoding is tailored to facilitatedecoding in the presence of arbitrary rotation or scale distortion ofthe card introduced during scanning. (Some such techniques are shown,e.g., in applicant's earlier patents and publications identified above.Various other techniques are known to artisans.)

When a recipient of a business card holds it in front of a Bedoopsensor, the operating system on the local system launches a local Bedoopapplication. That local Bedoop application, in turn, establishes anexternal internet connection to a remote business card server. Theaddress of that server may already be known to the local Bedoopapplication (e.g., having been stored from previous use), or the localBedoop system can traverse the above-described public network of DNSservers to reach the business card server.

A database on the business card name server maintains a large collectionof business card data, one database record per UID. When that serverreceives Bedoop data from a local Bedoop system, it parses out the UIDand accesses the corresponding database record. This record typicallyincludes more information than is commonly printed on conventionalbusiness cards. Sample fields from the record may include, for example,name, title, office phone, office fax, home phone, home fax, cellularphone, email address, company name, corporate web page address, personalweb page address, secretary's name, spouse's name, and birthday. Thisrecord is transmitted back to the originating Bedoop system.

The local Bedoop system now has the data, but needs further instructionfrom the user as to how it should be processed. Should a telephonenumber be dialed? Should the information be entered into a personalcontact manager database (e.g., Outlook) on the local system? Etc.

In an exemplary embodiment, the local system presents the availablechoices to the user, e.g., by textual prompts, synthesized voice, etc.The user responds by manipulating the business card in a manner promptedby the system (e.g., move down to telephone office; move up to telephoneat home; move right to access corporate web page; move left to accesspersonal web page; rotate left to enter certain elements from thedatabase record (filtered in accordance with a template) into personalcontact manager database, etc. The local Bedoop system respondsaccordingly.

Some card givers may choose to make additional information available tocard recipients—information beyond that known in prior artcontact-management software applications. For example, one of thechoices presented by a local Bedoop system in response to presentationof a business card may be to review the card-giver's personal calendar.(The card-giver can maintain his or her personal calendar on aweb-accessible computer.) By such arrangement, the card-recipient canlearn when the card-giver may be found in the office, when appointmentsmight be scheduled, etc., etc.

Typically, access to this web-calendar is not available to casual webbrowsers, but is accessible only in response to Bedoop data (which maythus be regarded as a form of authentication or password data).

Some users may carry several differently-encoded cards, each with adifferent level of access authorization (e.g., with different UIDs).Thus, some cards may access a biographical page without any calendarinformation, other cards may access the same or different page withaccess enabled to today's calendar, or this week's calendar, only, andstill other cards (e.g., the “spouse” card) may access the same ordifferent page with access enabled for the card-giver's completecalendar. The user can distribute these different cards to differentpersons in accordance with the amount of personal information desired tobe shared with each.

In accordance with a related embodiment, the database recordcorresponding to Bedoop business card data can include a “now” telephonenumber field. This field can be continually-updated throughout the daywith the then-most-suitable communications channel to the card-giver.When the card-giver leaves home to go to the office, or leaves theoffice for a trip in the car, or works a week at a corporate office inanother town, etc., this data field can be updated accordingly. (Apocket GPS receiver, with a wireless uplink, can be carried by theperson to aid in switching the “now” number among various knownpossibilities depending on the person's instantaneous position.) Whenthis database record is polled for the “now” number, it provides thethen-current information.

Consider a Bedoop-enabled public telephone. To dial the phone, abusiness card is held in front of the Bedoop sensor (or slid through anoptical scanner track). The phone interrogates the database at thebusiness card server for the “now” number and dials that number.

To update the any of the fields stored in the database record, the cardgiver can use a special card that conveys write-authorizationprivileges. This special card can be a specially encoded version of thebusiness card, or can be another object unique to the card-giver (e.g.,the card-giver's driver's license).

The reference to business cards and personal calendars is illustrativeonly. Going back a century, “calling cards” were used by persons whoseinterests were strictly social, rather than business. The just-discussedprinciples can be similarly applied. Teenagers can carry small cards toexchange with new acquaintances to grant access to private dossiers ofpersonal information, favorite music, artwork, video clips, etc. Thecards can be decorated with art or other indicia that can serve purposeswholly unrelated to the Bedoop data steganographically encoded therein.

Gestural Input

A Bedoop system can determine the scale state, rotation state, X-Yoffset, and differential scale state, of an object by reference toembedded calibration data, or other techniques. If the scan deviceoperates at a suitably high frame rate (e.g., five or ten frames persecond), change(s) in any or all of these four variables can be trackedover time, and can serve as additional input.

In an earlier-discussed example, moving an object to the left or rightin front of the Bedoop scanner caused a left- or right-positioned buttonin a dialog box to be selected. This is a change in the X-Y offset ofthe scanned object. In that earlier example, moving the object inwardlytowards the camera caused the selected button to be activated. This is achange in the scale state of the scanned object.

In similar fashion, twisting the object to the left or right can promptone of two further responses in a suitably programmed Bedoopapplication. (This is a change in the rotation state.) Likewise, tiltingthe object so that one part is moved towards or away from the camera canprompt one of two further responses in the application. (This is achange in the differential scale state.)

In the business card case just-discussed, for example, the card can beheld in front of the Bedoop scanner of a computer. If the card istwisted to the left, the computer opens a web browser to a web pageaddress corresponding to Bedoop data on the card. If the card is twistedto the right, the computer opens an e-mail template, pre-addressed to ane-mail address indicated by the card.

In other examples, twisting an object to move the right edge towards thescanner can be used to effect a right mouse click input, and twistingthe object to move the right edge away from the scanner can be used toeffect a left mouse click input.

Simultaneous changes in two of these four positioning variables can beused to provide one of four different inputs to the computer (e.g., (a)twisting left while moving in; (b) twisting left while moving out; (c)twisting right while moving in; and (d) twisting right while movingout). Simultaneous changes to three or all four of these variables cansimilarly be used to provide one of eight or sixteen different inputs tothe computer.

Simultaneous manipulations of the object in two or more of these modesis generally unwieldy, and loses the simple, intuitive, feel thatcharacterizes manipulation of the object in one mode. However, a similareffect can be achieved by sequential, rather than simultaneous,manipulation of the card in different modes (e.g., twist left, then movein). Moreover, sequential manipulations permit the same mode to be usedtwice in succession (e.g., move in, then move out). By such sequentialmanipulations of the object, arbitrarily complex input can be conveyedto the Bedoop system.

(It will be recognized that a digitally-encoded object is not necessaryto the gestural-input applications described above. Any object(talisman) that can be distinguished in the image data can bemanipulated by a user in the manners described above, and an appropriatesystem can recognize the movement of the object and respond accordingly.The provision of digital data on the object provides a further dimensionof functionality (e.g., permitting the same gesture to mean differentthings, depending on the digital encoding of the object beingmanipulated), but this is not essential.

Moreover, even within the realm of digitally-encoded gestural talismans,steganographic encoding is not essential. Any other known form ofoptically-recognizable digital encoding (e.g., 1D and 2D bar codes,etc.) can readily be employed.

In an illustrative embodiment, a business card or photograph is used asthe talisman, but the range of possible talismans is essentiallyunlimited.

Dynamic gestures are not the only communications that can be effected bysuch talismans. Static positioning (e.g., presenting the talisman atdifferent orientations) can alternatively be employed.

Consider a magazine advertisement. When presented to the sensor with thetop of the page up, a first response can be invoked. If the page ispresented at a rotation of 90 degrees, a second response can be invoked.Similarly with 180 degrees rotation (i.e., upside down), and 270 degreesrotation. The Bedoop detector can detect these different rotationalstates by reference to attributes of the watermark signal discerned fromthe magazine page (e.g., by reference to the rotation state discernedfrom the subliminal grid signal detailed in applicant's prior patents).

Gestural Decoding Module

There are various ways in which the Bedoop system's decoding of gesturalinput can be effected. In some Bedoop systems, this functionality isprovided as part of the Bedoop applications. Generally, however, theapplications must be provided with the raw frame data in order todiscern the gestural movements. Since this functionality is typicallyutilized by many Bedoop applications, it is generally preferable toprovide a single set of gestural interpretation software functions(commonly at the operating system level) to analyze the frame data, andmake available gestural output data in standardized form to all Bedoopapplications.

In one such system, a gestural decoding module tracks the encoded objectwithin the series of image data frames, and outputs various parameterscharacterizing the object's position and manipulation over time. Two ofthese parameters indicate the X-Y position of the object within currentframe of image data. The module can identify a reference point (orseveral) on the object, and output two corresponding position data (Xand Y). The first represents the horizontal offset of the referencepoint from the center of the image frame, represented as a percentage offrame width. A two's complement representation, or other representationcapable of expressing both positive and negative values, can be used sothat this parameter has a positive value if the reference point is rightof center-frame, and has a negative value if the reference point is leftof center frame. The second parameter, Y, similarly characterizes theposition of the reference point above or below center-frame (withabove-being represented by a positive value). Each of these twoparameters can be expressed as a seven-bit byte. A new pair of X, Yparameters is output from the gestural decoding module each time a newframe of image data is processed.

In many applications, the absolute X-Y position of the object is notimportant. Rather, it is the movement of the object in X and Y fromframe-to-frame that controls some aspect of the system's response. TheBedoop application can monitor the change in the two above-describedparameters, frame to frame, to discern such movement. More commonly,however, the gestural decoding module performs this function and outputstwo further parameters, X′ and Y′. The former indicates the movement ofthe reference point in right/left directions since the last image frame,as a percentage of the full-frame width. Again, this parameter isrepresented in two's complement form, with positive values representingmovement in the rightward direction, and negative values representingmovement in the leftward direction. The later parameter similarlyindicates the movement of the reference point in up/down directionssince the last frame.

The scale, differential scale, and rotation states of the object can besimilarly analyzed and represented by parameters output from thegestural decoding module.

Scale state can be discerned by reference to two (or more) referencepoints on the object (e.g., diagonal corners of a card). The distancebetween the two points (or the area circumscribed by three or morepoints) is discerned, and expressed as a percentage of the diagonal sizeof the image frame (or its area). A single output parameter, A, whichmay be a seven-bit binary representation, is output.

As with X-Y data, the gestural decoding module can likewise monitorchanges in the scale state parameter since the last frame, and product acorresponding output parameter A′. This parameter can be expressed intwo's complement form, with positive values indicating movement of theobject towards the sensor since the last frame, and negative valuesindicating movement away.

A differential scale parameter, B, can be discerned by reference to fourreference points on the object (e.g., center points on the four edges ofa card). The two points on the side edges of the card define ahorizontal line; the two points on the top and bottom edges of the carddefine a vertical line. The ratio of the two line lengths is a measureof differential scale. This ratio can be expressed as the shorter line'slength as a percentage of the longer line's length (i.e., the ratio isalways between zero and one). Again, a two's complement seven-bitrepresentation can be used, with positive values indicating that thevertical line is shorter, and negative values indicating that thehorizontal line is shorter. (As before, a dynamic parameter B′ can alsobe discerned to express the change in the differential scale parameter Bsince the last frame, again in two's complement, seven bit form.)

A rotation state parameter C can be discerned by the angular orientationof a line defined by two reference points on the object (e.g., centerpoints on the two side edges of a card). This parameter can be encodedas a seven-bit binary value representing the percentage of rotationaloffset in a clockwise direction from a reference orientation (e.g.,horizontal). (The two reference points must be distinguishable from eachother regardless of angular position of the object, if data in the fullrange of 0-360 degrees is to be represented. If these two points are notdistinguishable, it may only be possible to represent data in the rangeof 0-180 degrees.) As before, a dynamic parameter C′ can also bediscerned to express the change in the rotation state parameter C sincethe last frame. This parameter can be in seven bit, two's complementform, with positive values indicating change in a clockwise rotation

The foregoing analysis techniques, and representation metrics, are ofcourse illustrative only. The artisan will recognize many otherarrangements that can meet the needs of the particular Bedoopapplications being served.

In the illustrative system, the Bedoop application programs communicatewith the gestural decoding module through a standardized set ofinterface protocols, such as APIs. One API can query the gestural inputmodule for some or all of the current position parameters (e.g., any orall of X, Y, A, B, and C). The module responds to the callingapplication with the requested parameter(s). Another API can query thegestural input module for some or all of the current movement data(e.g., any or all of X′, Y′, A′, B′ and C′). Still another API canrequest the gestural decoding module to provide updated values for someor all of the position or movement data on a running basis, as soon asthey are discerned from each frame. A complementary API discontinues theforegoing operation. By such arrangement, all of the gestural data isavailable, but the Bedoop application programs only obtain theparticular data they need, and only when they ask for it.

In Bedoop applications that communicate with external servers, just theBedoop data (i.e., CLASS, DNS, and optionally UID) may initially besent. If the remote server needs to consider gestural data in decidinghow to respond, the remote server can poll the local Bedoop system forthe necessary data. The requested gestural data is then sent by thelocal Bedoop system to the remote server in one or moreseparate-transmissions.

In other embodiments, since the gestural data is of such low bandwidth(e.g., roughly 56 bits per image frame), it may routinely andautomatically be sent to the remote computer, so that the gesture datais immediately available in case it is needed. In an illustrativeimplementation, this data is assembled into an 8-byte packet, with thefirst byte of the packet (e.g., the X parameter) being prefixed with a“1” sync bit, and subsequent bytes of the packet being prefixed with “0”sync bits. (The sync bits can be used to aid in accurate packetdecoding.)

In some embodiments, it is useful to provide for an extension to thenormal 64-bit Bedoop length to accommodate an associated packet ofgestural data. This can be effected by use of a reserved bit, e.g., inthe UID field of the Bedoop packet. This bit normally has a “0” value.If it has a “1” value, that indicates that the Bedoop data isn't justthe usual 64 bits, but instead is 128 bits, with the latter 64 bitscomprising a packet of gestural data.

Similar extension protocols can be used to associate other ancillarydata with Bedoop data. A different reserved bit in the UID field, forexample, may signal that a further data field of 256 bits follows theBedoop data—a data field that will be interpreted by the remote computerthat ultimately services the Bedoop data in a known manner. (Such bitsmay convey, e.g., profile data, credit card data, etc.) The appendeddata field, in turn, may include one or more bits signaling the presenceof still further appended data.

Grandmothers

It is a common complaint that computers are too complex for most people.Attempts to simplify computer-user interaction to facilitate use by lessexperienced users usually serve to frustrate more experienced users.

In accordance with this aspect of the present technology, thesophistication of a computer user is steganographically indicated on atalisman used by that user to interact with the system. The computerdetects this steganographically-encoded data, and alters its mode ofinteracting with the user accordingly.

Consider internet browser software. Experienced users are familiar withthe different functionality that can be accessed, e.g., by variousdrop-down menus/sub-menus, by the keyboard shortcuts, by the menusavailable via right-clicking on the mouse, by manipulating the rollermouse scroll wheel and scroll button, etc., etc. Grandmothers of suchusers, typically, are not so familiar.

Although gestural interfaces hold great promise for simplifyinguser-computer interaction, the same dichotomy between experienced usersand inexperienced users is likely to persist, frustrating one class ofuser or the other.

To help close this gap, a computer system can respond to gestures indifferent manners, depending on the expertise level indicated byencoding of the talisman. For an expert user, for example, the gesturalinterface active in the internet browser software may display the storedlist of Favorite web addresses in response to tipping the left edge ofthe talisman towards the optical sensor. Once this list is displayed,the expert user may rotate the talisman to the right to cause thehighlighting to scroll down the list from the top. Rotating the talismanto the left may scroll the list of Favorites up from the bottom. Thespeed of scrolling can be varied in accordance with the degree ofrotation of the talisman from a default orientation.

In contrast, for the novice user, these talisman manipulations may beconfounding rather than empowering. Tipping the left edge of thetalisman towards the sensor may occur as often by mistake as on purpose.For such users, a more satisfactory interface may be provided by relyingon simple X-Y movement of the talisman to move an on-screen cursor, witha movement of the talisman towards the sensor to serve as a selectionsignal (i.e., like a left-mouse click).

(In the example just-cited, the expert user summoned a list of Favoriteweb sites. Different “Favorites” lists can be maintained by thecomputer—each in association with different talismans. A husband whouses one talisman is provided a different “Favorites” list than a wifewho uses a different talisman.)

Printed Pictures

A printed photograph can be steganographically encoded with Bedoop dataleading to information relating to the depicted person (e.g., contactinformation, biographical information, etc.).

Such a photograph can be presented to a Bedoop sensor on a telephone. Ina simple embodiment, the telephone simply processes the Bedoop data toobtain a corresponding default telephone number, and dials the number.In other embodiments, various options are possible, e.g., dial homenumber or dial work number. On presenting the photograph to thetelephone, for example, moving the photo to the left may dial the personat home, while moving the photo to the right may dial the person atwork.

As telephones evolve into more capable, multi-function devices, othermanipulations can invoke other actions. In a computer/telephone hybriddevice, for example, rotating the photo counterclockwise may launch aweb browser to an address at which video data from a web cam at thepictured person's home is presented. Rotating the photo clockwise maypresent an e-mail form, pre-addressed to the e-mail address of thedepicted person. Moving the photo to the right may query a database onthe system for other photographs depicting the same individual orsubject, which can be presented in response to further user input. Etc.

In this and other embodiments, it is helpful for the Bedoop device toprompt the user to aid in manipulating the object. This can be doneaudibly (e.g., “move photo left to dial at home”) or by visual clues(e.g., presenting left- or right-pointing arrows).

Bedoop data in photographs can also be used to annotate the photographs,as with notes on the back of a photograph, or printed under thephotograph in a photo album. The Bedoop data can lead to a remotedatabase, where the photograph owner is permitted to enter a textual (oraudio) narrative in association with each photograph's UID. Years later,when some of the names have been forgotten, the photograph can bepositioned in front of a Bedoop sensor, and the system responds byproviding the annotation provided by the photograph owner years earlier.

Drivers Licenses and Other Cards

Drivers licenses, social security cards, or other identity documents maybe encoded by the issuing authority with Bedoop data that permits accessto the holder's personal records over the web. On presenting thedocument to a Bedoop system, the system directs a web browser to aprivate address corresponding to data encoded on the document. At thataddress, the holder of the document can review governmental records,such as state or federal tax return data, social security entitlements,etc., as well as privately-maintained records, such as credit records,etc. User selection among various functions can be effected by spatialmanipulation of the document. (Entry of additional data, such as socialsecurity number or mother's maiden name, may be required of the user toassure privacy in case the document is lost or stolen.)

By manipulating a driver's license in front of a Bedoop sensor, a usercan request renewal of the driver's license, and authorize payment ofthe corresponding fee.

Bank cards (debit, credit, etc.) can similarly be encoded with Bedoopdata to permit the holder to access bank records corresponding to thebank card account. (Entry of a PIN code may be required to assureprivacy.)

Such documents can also be used to access other personal data. Oneexample is e-mail. A traveler might pause at a Bedoop kiosk at anairport and present a driver's license. Without anything more, the kioskmay present email that is waiting for the traveler on an associateddisplay screen.

On recognizing a driver's license, the kiosk can access a remote site(which may be maintained by the Department of Motor vehicles, anothergovernment entity, a private entity, or by the traveler), authenticatingthe operation by presenting Bedoop data encoded on the license, andobtain information that the person has pre-approved for release inresponse to such authorized access. This information can include e-mailaccount and password information. Using this information, the kioskqueries the corresponding e-mail server, and downloads a copy ofrecently received mail for presentation at the kiosk. (A user-enteredPIN number may be required at some point in the process, e.g., inquerying the remote site for sensitive e-mail password data, beforepresenting the downloaded e-mail for viewing, etc., to ensure privacy.)

Other cards carried in wallets and purses can also be encoded to enablevarious functions. The local sandwich shop that rewards regularcustomers by awarding a free sandwich after a dozen have been ispurchased can encode their frequent-buyer card with Bedoop data leadingto the shop's web-based sandwich delivery service. Or the frequent-buyercard can be eliminated, and customers can instead wave their businesscard or other identity document in front of the shop's Bedoop sensor toget purchase credit in a tally maintained by the sandwich shop'scomputer.

Food stamps, health insurance cards, and written medical prescriptions,can likewise be encoded with digital data to enable the provision of newfunctionality.

At large trade shows, such as COMDEX, vendors needn't publish thick,glossy brochures to hand out to visitors. Instead, they may printvarious stylish promo cards for distribution. When later presented to aBedoop sensor, each card leads to a web-based presentation—optionallyincluding persuasive video and other multi-media components. The usercan be prompted to provide data to customize, or focus, the presentationto the user's particular requirements. If the user wants furtherinformation, a request can be made by the click of a mouse (or the twistof a card).

Prizes and Product Promotions

Product packaging (e.g., Coke cans, Snapple bottles, Pepsi 12-packboxes) can be encoded for contest purposes. The encoding can becustomized, item to item, so that selected items—when Bedoop scanned—arerecognized to be the one in a hundred that entitles the owner to a cashor merchandise prize. A remote server to which the item's Bedoop data isprovided queries the user for contact information (e.g., address, phonenumber) so the prize can be awarded or, for smaller prizes, the systemcan print out an award certificate redeemable at local merchants forproducts or cash. Once a winning item is identified to the remoteserver, its UID on the server is marked as redeemed so that the itemcannot later be presented to win another prize.

In other such embodiments, all of the items are encoded identically.Winners are determined randomly. For example, during a contest period,persons around the world may present Coke cans to Bedoop systems. Thecorresponding Bedoop application on each user computer submits Bedoopdata to a corresponding web address. The user's e-mail address may alsobe included with the submission. As this data is relayed to thecorresponding server computer(s), every N^(th) set of data is deemed tobe a winner, and a corresponding award notification or prize isdispatched to the Bedoop system from which the winning set of dataoriginated.

The server computer that receives such contest submittals from clientBedoop systems can be arranged to prevent a single user from bombardingthe server with multiple sets of data in an attempt to win by bruteforce. (This may be done, for example, by checking the included e-mailaddress or received IP address, and not considering a data submittal ifthe same address was encountered in data submitted within the past hour.Similar anti-brute-force protection can be provided on the user'scomputer, preventing, e.g., repeated contest data to be sent morefrequently than once per hour. More sophisticated anti-brute-forcemeasures can of course be provided.)

Non-planar product packaging, such as cylindrical soda cans, presentcertain optical issues in encoding and decoding which are detailedfurther below.

Product Information and Ordering

Product packaging and product advertisements can be encoded with Bedoopdata that, when presented to a Bedoop system, initiates a link to a webpage from which that product can be purchased, or more informationobtained. Once the link has been established, the user can be instructedto manipulate the object in different of the earlier-described modes toeffect different functions, e.g., move towards camera to order theproduct; move away from camera for product information. If the object ismoved towards the camera to effect an order, the user can be prompted tofurther manipulate the object to specify delivery options (e.g., rotateleft for overnight mail, rotate right for regular mail). If the objectis moved away from the camera to request product information, the usercan be promoted to further manipulate the object to specify the type ofinformation desired (e.g., rotate left for recipes, rotate right for FDAnutritional information, move up for information on other products inthis family, move down to send an email to the product manufacturer).

Credit card or other customer billing information, together with mailingaddress information, can be stored in a profile on the Bedoop system,and relayed to the transactional web site either automatically when apurchase action is invoked, or after the user affirms that suchinformation should be sent (which affirmation may be signaled bymanipulation of the packaging or advertisement in one of theearlier-described modes). Other modes of payment can naturally beemployed.

Computer Access Cards

This disclosure earlier considered access cards used to gain access tosecure buildings. Related principles can be used in conjunction withcomputer access.

A driver's license, employee photo ID, or other such document can bepresented to a Bedoop sensor on a computer. The computer recognizes theuser and can take various steps in response.

One response is to log onto a network. Another is to set load a userprofile file by which the computer knows how to arrange the desktop inthe user's preferred manner. By manipulating the Bedoop-encoded object,the user can further vary the environment (e.g., rotate left to launchstandard business productivity applications and software developmentapplications; rotate left to launch lunchtime diversions—stock update,recreational games, etc.)

Hotel rooms are increasingly providing computer services. By presentinga driver's license, a Bedoop-equipped computer in a hotel room can linkto a remote site indicated by the Bedoop data, obtain preference datafor that user, and launch applications on the hotel computer in anarrangement that mimics that user's familiar work computer environment.

Audio/Video Disks, Software, and Books

Bedoop data can be conveyed by indicia or texturing on the surfaces ofCD and DVD disks, on the labels (or authenticity certificates) orinserts or artwork for same, on the enclosures for same (e.g., jewelbox, plastic case, etc.), on book dust jackets, on book pages, etc. Anyof these objects can be presented to a Bedoop device to establish a linkto a related web site. The consumer can then manipulate the object (orotherwise choose) to select different options.

For music, one option is to receive MP3 or other clips of songs by thesame artist on other CDs, or of songs from other artists of the samegenre. Another is to view music video clips featuring the same artist.Still another is to order tickets to upcoming concerts by that artist.In-store kiosks can permit tentative customers to listen to sampletracks before they buy.

Similar options can be presented for video DVDs. In the case of video,this can include listings of other movies with the same director, withthe same star(s), etc. In the case of software, the options can includeadvisories, bug fixes, product updates and upgrades, etc. Naturally, theuser can make purchases from these sites, e.g., of other music by thesame artist, other videos with the same star, software upgrades, etc.

Similar options can be accessed using Bedoop data associated withprinted book materials.

Children learn the mechanics of turning book pages at an early age.Children learn to look at pictures on the pages of a book and they enjoyhearing the story that is related to the images. Generally, adults readthe words and the child follows along looking at the pictures. Childrenenjoy repeatedly hearing the words of a story. The association of seeingpictures and repeatedly hearing the words is an excellent mechanism forlearning to read and learning to enjoy books.

Embedded digital watermark data can automate the above process so that achild can see the pictures, and hear the words independently. Such anarrangement provides enjoyment for the child while teaching reading andlove for books, and at the same time giving the child independence andfamiliarity with an automated mechanism.

More particularly, images in the book, or the paper substrates of thepages, contain digital watermarks. As a child turns the pages of thebook, a camera captures the image and an associated computer reads thewatermark. The watermark is then used to index a data store—either localor remote—to obtain text corresponding to the page being viewed. Atext-to-speech converter is then employed to voice the text to thechild. (Alternatively, the data store can contain digitized speech,rather than simple text—permitting different story characters to begiven different voices, etc.) Thus, as a child turns the pages of thebook, the child hears the words that are printed on the page. By turningpages, the child controls the process. The child will naturally make anassociation between the printed words and the words that are played bythe computer.

Ad Tracking

Advertisers commonly use different advertisements for the same productor service, and employ means to track which ad is more effective withinwhich demographic group. Bedoop can provide such functionality.

Consider a travel service web site that is promoting Hawaiian vacations.Bedoop data from several advertisements can lead consumers to the site.

Identical advertisements can be placed in several different magazines.Each is encoded with a different Bedoop UID. By monitoring the UIDs ofthe Bedoop inquiries to the site, the travel service can determine whichmagazines yield the highest consumer response (e.g., per thousandreaders).

Likewise, within a single magazine, two or more advertisements may beencoded with Bedoop data leading to the site—again, each with adifferent UID. Again, analysis of the UIDs used in accessing the sitecan indicate which advertisement was the more effective.

The two UIDs in the foregoing examples may both lead to the sameinternet destination, or may lead to different destinations.

The instantaneous nature of the internet links permits advertisers tolearn how consumer responses to print advertisements vary withtime-of-day, yielding information that may assist in making ads forcertain products more effective.

More elaborate variants and combinations of the foregoing are, ofcourse, possible, If the consumers provide personal information inresponse to the ads (either by permitting access to pre-stored personalprofile data, or by filling in web-based forms, or by manipulation ofthe ad (e.g., “please move the ad towards your Bedoop sensor if youdrank coffee this morning”)), still richer statistical data can begleaned.

Rolodex of Cards

Bedoop-encoded business cards as detailed above can be accumulated andkept near the telephone or computer in a Rolodex-like arrangement. If arefrigerator ice-maker malfunctions, a homeowner can find the card forthe appliance repairman used a few years ago, and present it to a Bedoopsensor. A link is established to the repairman's company (e.g., web siteor via telephone). At a web site, the repairman may provide basicinformation, such as hours of availability, current fee schedule, etc.The homeowner may select an option (by card gesture or otherwise) toinvoke a teleconference (e.g., NetMeeting) to consult about the problem.Or the homeowner may select another option to send e-mail. Still afurther option may permit the homeowner to schedule a house call on therepairman's weekly calendar. Still a further option may permit thehomeowner to view one or more short videos instructing customers how tofix certain common appliance problems.

Stored Value Cards

An electronic money system (e.g., of the sort detailed in U.S.application 60/134,782, filed May 19, 1999) may encode Bedoop data on acard that leads to storage at which random-number tokens (whichrepresent increments of money) are stored. Presenting the card to aBedoop system launches an application that reads and encrypts the tokensand forwards the encrypted data to the clearinghouse computer of thecorresponding bank to learn their remaining value. There the tokens aredecrypted and checked for validity (but not redeemed). The bank computerresponds to the Bedoop system, indicating the remaining value of thetokens on the card.

For security reasons, the storage containing the random-number tokensshould not be generally accessible. Instead, the user must provideauthentication data indicating authorization to gain access to thatinformation. This authentication data may be a PIN code. Or the user mayprovide authentication by presenting a second Bedoop-encoded object,e.g., a driver's license to the Bedoop system. (Many other Bedoopsystems may advantageously use, or require the use of, two or moreBedoop objects—either presented one after the other, or all at the sametime. The Bedoop system can provide visual or audible prompts leadingthe user to present the further Bedoop object(s) as necessary.

Ski Lift Tickets

In accordance with another embodiment, ski lift tickets are Bedoopencoded to provide various functionality.

For example, instead of buying a lift ticket good for a day, a skier maypurchase a ticket good for eight lifts. This data is encoded on theticket, and sensed by a Bedoop sensor at each lift. The sensors arenetworked to a common server that tracks the number of lifts actuallypurchased, and updates the number as used. The skier is informed of thenumber of rides remaining on entering or leaving the lift. Statisticaldata can be collected about trail usage (e.g., N % percent of skiers skiall day along just two hits, etc.).

Off the slopes, back at home, the used lift ticket may be presented to aBedoop sensor to obtain current snow conditions and lift hours, or toreview trail maps, or to order ski vacation packages. If the ticket isencoded with the owner's name, UID, or other information ofcommercial/marketing interest, local merchants may give the bearerdiscounts on selected goods in response to Bedoop scanning of the ticketand recovery of such information.

REI Membership Cards

Membership cards for certain stores can be Bedoop-encoded to provideadded value to the member. For outdoor gear stores such as REI,presentation of the card to a Bedoop sensor can lead to a library ofUSGS maps, to web pages with current fishing and hunting regulations,etc. Naturally, the store's on-line ordering site is just a quick twistaway.

Theme Park Tickets

Theme park tickets can be encoded with the age and gender of thevisitor, and with additional data permitting the experience to becustomized (e.g., from a roster of theme park personalities, thevisitor's favorite is Indiana Jones). Throughout the park are kiosks towhich the visitor can present the ticket to orchestrate the visit tofollow a particular story line. Some kiosks issue premiums matching theage/gender of the recipient

Car Keys

Car keys (or key ring fobs) are Bedoop encoded. When the car is taken toa shop for service, the mechanic presents the key to a Bedoop sensor,and thereby obtains the car's maintenance history from a remote serveron which it is maintained. At home, the key can be presented to a Bedoopsensor and manipulated to navigate through a variety ofautomotive-related web sites.

In some embodiments, the Bedoop-encoded object is not used to navigateto a site, but is instead used to provide data once a user's computer isotherwise linked to a web site. A user surfing the web who ends up at acar valuation site can present a key to the Bedoop scanner. The Bedoopdata is used to access a remote database where the make, model, options,etc., of the car are stored. This data is provided to a database enginethat returns to the user the estimated value of the car.

While visiting a mechanic's web site, presentation (and optionallymanipulation) of a key or key ring fob can be employed to schedule aservice appointment for the car.

Fashion Coordination

Some department stores and clothing retailers offer “personal shoppers”to perform various services. For example, a customer who is purchasing adress may ask a personal shopper for assistance in selecting shoes oraccessories that complement the dress.

A Bedoop-encoded garment tag on the dress can be employed to obtainsimilar assistance. In response to such a tag, a Bedoop system can querya database to obtain a mini-catalog of clothes and accessories that havepreviously been identified as complementing the dress identified by thetag. These items can be individually displayed on a screen associatedwith the system, or a virtual model wearing the dress—together with oneor more of the recommended accessories—can be synthesized and depicted.The shopper may quickly review the look achieved by the model wearingthe dress with various different pairs of shoes, etc., by repeatedlyactivating a user interface control (by mouse, touch screen, or garmenttag gestures) to cycle through different combinations.

A shopper's credit card can be Bedoop-encoded so as to lead Bedoopsystems of particular stores (i.e., stores pre-authorized by theshopper) to a profile on the shopper (e.g., containing size information,repeat purchase information, return history, style/color preferences,etc.).

Credit Card Purchases

When a consumer visits a commercial web site and wishes to purchase adisplayed product, the transaction can be speeded simply by presenting aBedoop-encoded credit card to a Bedoop sensor on the user's computer.The Bedoop data on the card leads to a database entry containing thecredit card number and expiration date. The Bedoop application thensends this information (optionally after encrypting same) to the website with instructions to purchase the depicted product.

(Impulse purchases are commonly deterred by the hurdles posed betweenthe purchase impulse and the completed purchase. This and other Bedoopapplications aid in reducing such hurdles.)

Product Marketing

Bedoop data relating to one product or service can be used tocross-market others products and services. Consider a consumer whopurchases a pair of golf shoes. The box is Bedoop encoded. By presentingthe box to a Bedoop system, the consumer is linked to a web page thatpresents various promotional offers. The consumer may, for example,elect to play a free round of golf at one or more identified local golfcourses, or print a coupon for ten percent off any order of socks froman on-line sock merchant. (Various means can be employed to preventmultiple redemptions from a single box. One is a serial number that istracked by the web page or cross-marketed merchant, and only honoredonce. Another is identification data corresponding to the consumer thatis tracked to prevent multiple redemptions.)

Product tags can likewise be Bedoop-encoded. A tag from an article ofNike apparel can lead to the Nike on-line store, where the user can buymore merchandise. If the tag is from a soccer jersey, a certain tagmanipulation (e.g., rotate left) may lead the user to a special-interestsoccer page, such as for the World Cup. A tag on a golf glove may leadto a website of a local golf course. Twist left to reserve a tee time;twist right to review course maps and statistics. Bedoop kiosks can beprovided in retail stores to let consumers use the Bedoop features.

Travel Planning Services

After making a reservation at a resort, a consumer is typically mailed(by email or conventional mail) various confirmation information. If notalready printed, the consumer can print this information (e.g., aconfirmation card).

Bedoop-encoding on the printed object can lead to web-based informationrelating to the reservation (e.g., reservation number, the consumer'sname, arrival/departure dates, etc.). If the consumer wishes to makedinner or golf reservations, this object is presented to a Bedoopsystem—either at the user's home, at an airport kiosk, etc. The systemrecognizes the object type and encoded data, and establishes a link to aremote computer that provides various information and schedulingservices for the resort. By manipulating the object (or otherwise) theconsumer selects desired dinner and golf tee times. The system alreadyhas the reservation number (indexed by the UID), so tedious provision ofsuch data is avoided.

In some embodiments, the remote computer is not maintained by theresort, but is rather maintained by an independent travel service. (Thetravel service may also maintain the DNS leaf node server.) The computercan present a web page (branded by the travel service or not) thatoffers the scheduling options desired by the user, and also presentslinks to other information and services (e.g., offering entry tickets tonearby attractions, and advertising nearby restaurants).

Airline tickets (or e-ticket confirmations) can be similarly encodedwith Bedoop data. These items may be presented to Bedoop systems—at atraveler's home or in airports—to permit review and changing of travelitinerary, reserve hotels and rental cars, secure first-class upgrades,check the airplane's seating arrangement, review frequent flier status,scan tourist information for the destination, etc.

Movie Tickets

As indicated earlier, movie tickets can be encoded with Bedoop dataidentifying, e.g., the movie title and date. When a movie viewer returnshome, the ticket stub can be presented to a Bedoop system. One of theoptions presented by the corresponding Bedoop application can be tolaunch a pay-per-view screening of the just-seen movie at a discountedrate. Another is to download the movie onto a writeable DVD disk at theviewer's home, perhaps serialized to permit playback only on thatviewer's DVD player, or enabled for only a few playbacks, etc. (again,likely for a discounted fee). Still another option is to presentweb-delivered video clips from the movie. Another is to offer relatedmerchandise for purchase, possibly at discount to retail. (Thesefeatures may be available for only a limited period after the dateencoded on the ticket stub.) Another is to alert the consumer toupcoming movies of the same genres, or with the same director or stars,or released by the same studio. Still another is to direct a web browserto an on-line ticket merchant for tickets to other movies. The consumermay navigate among these options by manipulating the ticket stub, orotherwise.

The same, or related, options can likewise be provided in response toBedoop data detected from a book jacket presented to a Bedoop system.

Video Recording

A video recording device can be programmed to record a broadcast programby presenting a Bedoop sensor with a printed promotion for the program(e.g., an advertisement in a newspaper or TV Guide). Bedoop-encodedwithin the printed document is data by which the Bedoop system (whichmay be built into the video recorder or separate) can set the recordingtime, date, and channel.

Set Top Boxes

Many entertainment-related applications of Bedoop data can beimplemented using television set top boxes. Such boxes includeprocessors, and typically include a return channel to a controlfacility. The provision of a Bedoop chip and optical sensor can vastlyincrease the functionality these devices presently provide.

Special Event Tickets

Consider a ticket to a basketball game. By presenting the ticket to aBedoop system, a user may access the web site of either team so as toreview recent scores and statistics. The user may also obtain aweb-based virtual tour of the arena, and review seating maps. The viewof the playing field as seen from the user's seat location may bepresented. Tickets for upcoming games may be ordered, as well aspay-per-view games and team souvenirs. For high-priced tickets, the usermay be entitled to premium web features, such as on-line text-, audio-,or video-chat session with a team star on the day before the game.

Unlike conventional tickets, Bedoop-encoded tickets need not limit theuser to a predetermined seat. While the ticket may be printed with anominal seat, the user may present the ticket to a Bedoop sensor andaccess a web site at which a different seat can be reserved. Onattending the event, the consumer presents the ticket to a Bedoop sensorthat reads the ticket UID and looks up the seat assignment most-recentlypicked by the consumer. It then prints a chit entitling the consumer totake the seat earlier selected from the transactional web site.

Signet Rings

Signet rings have historically been used to indicate a person's identityor office. Such rings, or other items of personal jewelry, can beencoded with Bedoop data (either by texturing or printing) and presentedas necessary to Bedoop systems. The extracted Bedoop data can lead to asecure web site indicating the person's name and other information(i.e., a web site that has anti-hacking measures to prevent illicitchange of the stored identification information). Such a signet ring canbe presented to Bedoop systems that require a high-confidenceconfirmation of identity/authorization before proceeding with a Bedoopfunction.

Tattoos

Temporary tattoos are well known and typically include an ink or printedfilm that is transferred to a wearer's skin through some applicationprocess (e.g., wetting or otherwise). The artwork on the tattoo can bearranged to steganographically encode Bedoop data, facilitating machinerecognition of the persons (or objects) tattooed. Youths can compile acontacts database simply by snapping digital photos of friends using animaging-capable personal digital assistant. Such a computer device candecode the watermark, access a corresponding web dossier of informationon the person photographed, and add such information to a contactsdatabase.

E-Paper

While it is doubtless evident that a great variety of printingtechnologies can be employed in Bedoop applications, it should be notedthat e-paper can be employed as well. E-paper, developed by Nicholas K.Sheridon of Xerox, and mass produced by 3M, is a thin layer oftransparent plastic in which millions of small beads, somewhat liketoner particles, are dispersed. The beads, each contained in afluid-filled cavity, are free to rotate within those cavities. The beadsare “bichromal,” with hemispheres of contrasting color (e.g. black andwhite). Under the influence of a voltage applied to the surface of thesheet, the beads rotate to present one colored side or the other to theviewer. A pattern of voltages can be applied to the surface in abit-wise fashion to create images such as text and pictures. The imagepersists until new voltage patterns are applied to create new images.The reader is presumed familiar with the US patents issued to Sheridonon this technology.

It will further be recognized that epaper can be used to convey digitaldata according to essentially any known watermarking method, and is alsosuitable for conveying digital information in data glyph form.

Post-It® Notes

Pads of Post-It® notes, or other pads of paper, can be marked by themanufacturer (either by texturing, watermarked tinting, ink-jetspattering, etc.) to convey steganographic data (e.g., Bedoop data).When such a note is presented to a Bedoop system, the system may launchan application that stores a snapshot of the note. More particularly,the application may mask the note-portion of the image data from theother image data, virtually re-map it to a rectangular format ofstandardized pixel dimensions, JPEG-compress the resulting image, andstore it in a particular computer subdirectory with a name indicatingthe date of image acquisition, together with the color and/or size ofthe note. (These latter two data may be indicated by data included inthe Bedoop payload.) If the color of the note is indicated by digitaldata (e.g, in the file name), then the image itself may be stored ingrey-scale. When later recalled for display, the white image backgroundcan be flooded with color in accordance with the digital color data.

The Bedoop system may buffer several past frames of image data. When theobject is recognized as a Post-It note whose image is to be saved, thesystem may analyze several such frames to identify the one best-suitedfor storage (e.g., check the spatial frequency content of the note asimaged in each frame, to identify the one with the finest detail), andstore that one.

When a Post-It note is recognized by the Bedoop system, the system mayemit a confirmation tone (or other response) to indicate that the objecthas been recognized, but not immediately execute the snapshot operation.Instead, the system may await a further instruction (e.g., gesture) toindicate what operation is desired.

By moving the note towards the sensor, for example, the user can signalthat a snapshot operation is to be performed. (This closer presentationof the note may also permit the imaging system to capture a moredetailed: frame of image data.)

By moving the note away, the system may respond by reading,decompressing, and displaying the six most-recently stored Post-It noteimages, in tiled fashion, on the computer screen. The individual notescan be displayed at their original dimensions, or each can be re-sizedto fill the full height or width of a tile. A user interface control(responsive to gestures, mouse operation, keyboard scroll arrows, etc.)allows the user to scroll back in time to any desired date.

The full 64-bit Bedoop payload of other embodiments may not be neededfor Post-It notes. In the just-given example, for example, the Bedoopsystem responds to all Post-It notes in the same fashion. Thus, anabbreviated Bedoop format that indicates simply ‘I’m a Post-It note,yellow, size 3″×3′″ can suffice. The twelve bit CLASS ID, with eightfurther bits to indicate color/size combinations, may be sufficient.Reducing the payload permits it to be more robustly encoded on smallobjects. (As noted below, Bedoop decoding systems can look for severaldifferent data formats/protocols in trying to extract Bedoop data froman object.)

Alignment of Documents for other Purposes

While the just-described pre-marked paper triggered a Bedoop responsewhen presented to a Bedoop sensor (i.e., take a snapshot of the paper),the markings can be used for purposes other than to trigger Bedoopresponses.

Regardless of the particular data with which the paper is encoded, theembedded subliminal graticules, or other steganographically-encodedregistration data, can be used by other applications to correctmisalignment of scanned data. In a photocopier, for example, a documentneed not be placed exactly squarely on the glass platen in order toyield a properly-aligned photocopy. The scanner scans the skeweddocument and then detects the steganographic registration markings inthe resulting scan data. This data is then processed to virtuallyre-register same, so that the registration markings are in a desiredalignment The processed scan data is then provided to the xerographicreproduction unit to yield a photocopy in which the skew effect isremoved.

The same technique is likewise applicable to video recorders, digitalcameras, etc. If such a device images an object (e.g., a photograph)with steganographic registration markings, these markings can be used asa guide in re-registering the resulting data to remove mis-alignmenteffects.

Postal Mail Information

Many contexts arise in which data to be presented to a consumer isvaluable only if timely. The postal service mail is ill-suited for somesuch information due to the latency between printing a document, and itsultimate delivery to a recipient. Bedoop principles, however, allow therecipient to take a postal object that was printed well before delivery,and use it on receipt (i.e., present to a Bedoop system) to receiveup-to-the-minute information. In this and other embodiments, the Bedoopdata can also uniquely identify the addressee/recipient/user, so the website can present data customized to that user.

Distributors of printed advertising can reward Bedoop-driven consumervisits to their web sites by issuing digital tokens or coupons that canbe redeemed for premiums, cash-back, etc. Every millionth visitor wins amillion pennies (with appropriate safeguards, e.g., preventing more thanone entry an hour).

Classes of Bedoop Encoding

The above-described embodiments focused on use of Bedoop data afterdecoding. Additional insight may be gained by examining the earlier partof the process-encoding.

Encoding can be performed in many contexts, which may be conceptualizedas falling into three broad classes. The first is static marking, inwhich a document designer, pre-press service bureau, advertising agencyor the like embeds Bedoop data. The second is dynamic marking, in whichautomated systems encode, or vary, Bedoop data “on the fly.” Suchsystems can tailor the Bedoop data to particularly suit the context,e.g., to the moment, place, user, etc. The third is consumer marking, inwhich Bedoop data is added to a document at the time of printing.

The second class of encoding enables features not available from thefirst. Consider an American Express travel web page with informationabout travel to Hawaii. A DNS leaf node server points to this page inresponse to certain Bedoop data—e.g., data encoded in a magazinephotograph of a Hawaiian beach scene.

Actually, all Bedoop data having a certain CLASS and DNS ID may lead tothis web page, irrespective of the UID data. If the magazine photo isencoded with a particular “don't care” UID field (e.g.,111111111111111111111111), this may signal the originating Bedoopsystem—or any intervening system through which the Bedoop datapasses—that arbitrary data can be inserted in the UID field of thatBedoop packet. The originating Bedoop system, for example, can insert adynamically-configured series of bits into this field. Some of thesebits can provide a profile of the user to the remote server, so that theBedoop response can be,customized to the user. (The user would naturallypre-approve information for such use so as to allay privacy concerns.)

As one example, the local Bedoop system can set the least significantbit of the UID field to a “0” if the user is male, or to a “1” if theuser is female. The next four bits can indicate the user's age by one ofsixteen age ranges (e.g., 3 or less, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15,16-17, 18-20, 21-24, etc.)

Alternatively, or in addition, the local Bedoop system can stuff thedon't-care UID field (all of it, or in part) with signature data tendingto uniquely identify the local Bedoop system (e.g., system serialnumber, a hash code based on unchanging data unique to that system,etc.) By reference to such data, the remote server can identify repeatvisits by the same user, and can tailor its responses accordingly (e.g.,by recalling a profile of information earlier entered by the user andstored at the remote server, avoiding the need for data re-entry).

More on Optical Input Devices

It is expected that image input devices will soon become commonplace.The provision of digital cameras as built-in components of certaincomputers (e.g., the Sony Vaio laptops) is just one manifestation ofthis trend. Another is camera-on-a-chip systems, as typified by U.S.Pat. No. 5,841,126 and detailed in Nixon et al., “256×256 CMOS ActivePixel Sensor Camera-on-a-Chip,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol.31(12), pp. 2046-2051 (1996), and Fossum, “CMOS Image Sensors:Electronic Camera-on-a-Chip,” IEEE Transactions of Electron Devices,vol. 44, No. 10, October 1997. Still another is head-mounted cameras (asarc presently used in some computer-augmented vision systems). These andother image input devices are all suitable for use in Bedoop systems.

Camera-on-a-chip systems can be equipped with Bedoop detector hardwareintegrated on the same chip substrate. This hardware can be arranged tofind and decode Bedoop data from the image data—notwithstanding scale,rotation, differential scaling, etc. Gestural decoding can also beprovided in hardware, with the resulting data output in packet form on aserial output bus. Such a chip can thus provide several outputs—imagedata (either in raw pixel form, or in a data stream representing theimage in one of various image formats), 64 bits of Bedoop data (seriallyor in parallel), and decoded gesture data.

In other embodiments, the Bedoop detector (and/or the gestural decoder)can be on a substrate separate from the camera system.

To accommodate different Bedoop data formats and protocols, the hardwarecan include RAM or ROM in which different format/protocol information isstored. (These different formats/protocols can relate, e.g., to Bedoopsystems employing different data payload lengths, different subliminalgrids, different encoding techniques, etc.) As the Bedoop system staresout and grabs/analyzes frames, each frame can be analyzed in accordancewith several different formats/protocols to try and find aformat/protocol that yields valid Bedoop output data.

Movable Bedoop Sensors

Although the illustrated Bedoop systems are generally stationary, theyneed not be so. They can be portable. Some such systems, for example,employ palmtop computers equipped with optical sensor arrays. If thepalmtop is provided with live network connectivity (e.g., by wireless),then Bedoop applications that rely on remote computers can beimplemented just as described. If the palmtop is not equipped with livenetwork connectivity, any Bedoop applications that rely on remotecomputers can simply queue such communications, and dispatch same whenthe palmtop next has remote access (e.g., when the palmtop is nextplaced in its recharger and is coupled to a modem through which internetaccess can be established).

Another variant is a Bedoop sensor with a 1D or 2D photosensor array(e.g., CCD or CMOS) that is movable around a desk or other work-surface,like a mouse. Such a sensor can be coupled to the associated computer bycabling, or a wireless interface can be used. The peripheral may bearranged for placement on top of an item in order to read digital datawith which the object is marked. (Built-in illumination may be needed,since the device would likely shadow the encoding.) Some forms of suchperipherals are adapted to serve both as general purpose digitalcameras, and also as Bedoop sensors.

Such a peripheral would find many applications. In “reading” a magazineor book, for example, it may be more intuitive to place a Bedoop reader“on” the object being read, rather than holding the object in the air,in front of a Bedoop sensor. This is particularly useful, e.g., when amagazine page or the like may have several differently-encoded Bedoopsections (corresponding to different articles, advertisements, etc.),and the user wants to assure that the desired Bedoop-encoded section isread.

The “bookmark” paradigm of internet browsers might be supplemented withpaper bookmarks, e g., Bedoop data encoded on one or more pages ofpaper. To direct a browser to a particular bookmarked destination, theperipheral is simply placed on top of the page (or part thereof) that ismarked with the corresponding Bedoop data. A user may print a “map”comprised of postage stamp-sized regions tiled together, each of whichregions represents a favorite web destination.

Such a map may be printed on a mouse pad. Indeed, mouse pads withcertain maps pre-encoded thereon may be suitable as promotionalmaterials. A company may offer to print a family photograph on such apad. Encoded within the photograph or the pad texture are addresses ofweb sites that have paid a fee to be accessible in this manner on auser's desk.

In this and other contexts, it will be recognized that the gesturalinput concepts detailed earlier involve relative movement between thesensor and the encoded object. In most of the earlier examples, thesensor is stationary, so gesticulation is effected by moving the objectNaturally, if the sensor is moveable (e.g., as a mouse or cell phone),the gestural movement can be effected by moving the sensor instead.

One particular embodiment of the arrangement detailed above a modifiedversion of the Microsoft IntelliMouse with IntelliEye technology. Thatdevice includes a multi-element optical sensor integrated on an IC withvarious detector and processing circuitry, operating in conjunction witha short focal length imaging lens and an LED illumination source (allavailable from Agilent, as detailed below). The circuitry tracksmovement of patterns across the sensor's field of view, by which themouse's movement can be deduced. The Microsoft product collects 1500data sets per second—a frame rate much higher than is generally neededfor the present applications. Some such embodiments combine thefunctionality of a mouse with that of a Bedoop image sensor.

Such a mouse-like peripheral can omit the buttons and position-sensingfeatures commonly provided on traditional mice, yielding a simpledesk-facing palm camera that generates frames of data corresponding to asmall area under the sensor portion of the mouse. More typically,however, the peripheral includes the buttons, roller wheels, and/orX-/Y-position sensing arrangements of traditional mice so that buttonand positional forms of data input can be exploited in interacting withthe Bedoop application.

The optical data collected by the sensor can be processed within theperipheral's processor to extract the steganographically encoded binaryBedoop data therefrom. Or this processing burden can be undertaken bythe associated computer system, with the peripheral simply processingand formatting the raw sensor data into sequential frames of image datato be output to that system.

While scanning peripherals of the type described above are typicallywired to an associated host system, wireless links (e.g., radio,infrared, ultrasonic, etc.) can of course be used, freeing the user fromthe constraint imposed by the cable.

Hand Scanners—More

To elaborate on the concepts introduced above, the following paragraphsparticularly detail a hand scanner modeled after the Hewlett-PackardCapShare 920. The scanner may be configured for use with any type ofidentifier, e.g., watermark, barcode, OCR, etc.

The reader is presumed familiar with the workings of the HP CapSharescanner. Such information has been published in the technicalliterature, e.g., Allen, Ross R. et al, “Processes for Freehand ImageCapture: HP CapShare Technology,” The Society for Imaging Science &Technology PICS Conference, pp. 43-46, Mar. 26, 2000. The CapSharescanner employs an optical sensor tracking engine assembly, comprised ofpart Nos. HDNS2000 (IC sensor chip), HDNS-2100 (lens with light pipe),HDNS-2200 (LED clip), and HLMP-ED80 (639 nm LED), the use of which isdetailed in Agilent Application Note 1179, all available from AgilentTechnologies, Palo Alto, Calif.

As shown in FIG. 13, the CapShare scanner 210 functionally includes aCPU 212, a memory 214, a linear CCD array 216, first and second 2D CCDarrays 218 a, 218 b, a user interface (including an LCD screen andassociated buttons) 220, and an interface 222 (e.g., a serial port andan IRDA port/transceiver) to an auxiliary device 224. Although notparticularly shown, each of the CCD sensors has an associated LED systemfor illuminating the object being imaged.

A further enhancement to the CapShare scanner is to provide a wirelessinternet interface for interface 222, permitting direct communicationbetween the device 210 and the internet.

The linear sensor 216 operates in a conventional manner, acquiringsuccessive pixilated line-scans of imagery under the scanner at a pixeldata rate of about 18 Mbits/second (pemitting full accuracy scanningeven at instantaneous scanner motion speeds of up to 16 inches persecond).

The two 2D CCDs 218 a, 218 b, are spaced apart, adjacent the linearsensor, and are used to track the scanner's movement. The areas scannedby these CCDs are illuminated obliquely by IR light, highlightingmicroscopic media surface features. The CPU identifies patterns in thesurface features detected by each of these CCDs, and tracks theirmovement from one frame to the next to discern the movement of the twoCCDs. By knowing the movement of the two CCDs, the movement of thescanner itself can be determined. This scanner motion information isused to re-map the swathed scan data acquired from the linear scannerarray into composite pixel data with uniform scanline spacing. Thisremapped data is the final scan data that is typically provided to theend user or application.

The sizing of the linear and 2D CCD arrays is left to the designer. If600 dpi line scan resolution is desired across a four inch scan swath, a2400 element linear CCD would be used. The 2D CCDs are typically smallerin extent, e.g., having an aperture of 0.25 inches×0.25 inches. Thespacing of the CCD elements is selected based on the size of surfacefeatures to be tracked.

The memory 214 includes both RAM and ROM. The RAM is used both for rawdata storage, and for storage of final results. The scanner's operatingsystem, pattern matching and data processing algorithms, and otherprogram code are stored in the ROM.

In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the ROM code alsoincludes instructions for examining the final-result scan data (i.e.,after re-mapping) for watermark data. In one particular embodiment, thisis a two-step process. The final-result data is first screened by theCPU to determine whether it has certain hallmarks associated withwatermarked data (e.g., the presence of a calibration signal, asdetailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,260). If such hallmarks are found, amore computationally-intense watermark decoding algorithm is performed.By checking for watermark information in such a two-step process, CPUtime isn't spent needlessly trying to extract a watermark from imagedata that apparently has no watermark.

In some embodiments, the watermark processing operation(s) occurswithout user intervention—each time the raw scan data is processed andremapped into final-result form. In other embodiments, the watermarkprocessing is invoked in response to a user command entered through theuser interface 220. In still other embodiments, the watermark processingis invoked in response to a command provided to the scanner from anassociated auxiliary device 224 (e.g., a local personal computer, aremote server computer, a specialized internet appliance, etc.).

In some embodiments, the decoded watermark payload data is transferredto an associated auxiliary device whenever such data is detected. Inother embodiments, the data is not sent unless the auxiliary device 224first asks for it. Such an auxiliary device request may be made by asoftware program that is executing on the auxiliary device, e.g.,through an API call.

A watermark decoded by the scanner can be presented to the user on thescanner's LCD display 220. Or the scanner can forward the decodedwatermark to a remote device 224, which can then reply with supplementaldata for presentation to the user, as detailed elsewhere in thisspecification.

In some embodiments, the information obtained by the 2D CCDs 218 aand/or 218 b can be used to augment the information provided to the CPUso as to aid in the watermark detection/decoding process. For example,the 2D sensors provide 2D information immediately—without the time delayassociated with remapping the ID data from the linear CCD array intofinal form. This immediate 2D information may be analyzed for thepresence of a calibration signal—perhaps shortening or obviatinganalysis for the calibration signal in the final data.

The 2D data can also be used to characterize the texture of the imagedsubstrate. Knowing the substrate texture allows the CPU to applyfiltering or other watermark-enhancing/image enhancing steps as bestfits the particular circumstance.

The 2D data also allows the CPU to assess the relative quality ofdifferent regions of line-scan data in the final scan data. In FIG. 14,an object 230 is scanned by a scanner 210 traveling an arced path,yielding successive lines of raw scan data 228. The geometry of the arcis revealed by data collected by the two 2D CCDs (which serve as motionencoders). Where the successive lines are spaced closer together (as atregion A), the raw scan data is of higher resolution (relatively“oversampled”). In contrast, where the successive lines are spacedfurther apart (as at region B), the raw scan data is of lower resolution(relatively “undersampled”). In its screening or analysis for subtlewatermark data, the CPU can be instructed to look first in region A,reasoning that the higher quality of the raw data in this region is mostlikely to include usable watermark information. (In some embodiments,watermark screening and/or detection may proceed by reference to the rawscan line data, rather than waiting for the data to be remapped intofinal form.)

The two CCDs 218 a, 218 b also permit various binocular processing to beperformed so as to enhance, or allow for more intelligent processing, ofthe linear scan data. Consider, for example, the case where the imagebeing scanned doesn't convey a perfectly planar (e.g., rectilinear)signal. The substrate could be warped, or the image may have beenprinted in a skewed manner, or some other transformation may have takenplace that creates an image that changes orientation/scale over itsextent. One such example is shown in FIG. 15, which depicts a watermarkcalibration signal (here presented as an overt grid, for clarity ofillustration). Each of the two 2D CCDs 218 a, 218 b senses adifferently-oriented calibration signal. By reference to differences inthe data sensed by the two spaced-apart CCDs, the CPU can infer scale,rotation, or other image transformation at intermediate points, andapply a compensation to the scan data so as to counteract suchdistortion.

Such compensation need not be based on a watermark calibration signal.Any other optically-sensed attribute at the two spaced-apart points maybe used to infer the same, or related attributes, at intermediatepositions, permitting appropriate compensation(s) to be applied.

Another application of the spaced-apart sensors 218 is to bi-opticallydetermine the distance from the scanner to the object being imaged.Consider FIG. 16, which shows a scanner 10 with two spaced-apart CCDsensors 218 a, 218 b, imaging a warped object 232 (e.g., a warped papersubstrate, or a curved object such as a drink can). In the depictedexample, the first CCD 218 a detects a very crisp image of surfacetexture or imagery, whereas the second CCD 218 b detects an imagesimilar to the first CCD, but blurred—as if low-pass filtered. Softwareinstructions for CPU 212 can cause the scanner to recognize that thepart of the object 232 under CCD 218 a is immediately adjacent thescanner (and adjacent the nearby portion of the linear CCD array 216),whereas the part of the object under CCD 218 b is spaced somewhat fromthe scanner.

Having information about the spacing of the object 232 from differentparts of the linear sensor array permits certain compensations to bemade in the data collected by the linear scanner. In the case ofwatermark detection, the CPU may recognize that data from the end of thelinear scanner 216 remote from the object 232 will be devoid ofmeaningful high frequency information. In many watermark detectionalgorithms, the CPU can disregard data from such portion of the linearscanner—allowing it to focus on portions of the image data with thenecessary high frequency components, thus producing more reliableresults more quickly.

In other watermarking systems, two watermarks may be present—oneconveyed in reliance on high frequency image components, and anotherencoded mostly with low frequency image components (i.e., inanticipation of circumstances where the object is imaged slightlyout-of-focus). Upon recognizing that the linear scan data is weak inhigh frequency components, the CPU can be programmed to look just forthe low frequency watermark data.

Just as the scanner 210 can perform watermark decoding, it can similarlyperform barcode decoding. Conventional pattern-recognition algorithmscan be applied by CPU 212 to either the raw or final scan data toidentify barcode patterns. Once the pattern is identified, decoding isstraightforward by applying known barcode alphabets. As in the watermarkcase, barcode decoding can be performed autonomously, or in response touser/auxiliary device command. Similarly, the decoded barcode data canbe provided to the auxiliary device whenever detected, or in response toan auxiliary device query. The 2D data can likewise be used to augmentthe information provided to the CPU so as to aid in the barcodedetection/decoding process.

In similar fashion, the above-described benefits associated by use ofthe two 2D CCDs can similarly be applied in the barcode context.

As earlier described, once the identifier information is extracted fromthe image data, internet links can be based thereon to providesupplemental information, e-commerce opportunities, etc. In manyimplementations, the scanner UI 220 is used to present this supplementalinformation to the user, e.g. by software instructions that tender HTMLinstructions for presentation on the UI display screen. The UI controls(e.g., buttons) can likewise be used to receive user instructions andcommands, for linking back to the internet.

Cell Phones as Bedoop Devices; GPS Receivers

Bedoop technology can be integrated into portable telecommunicationterminals, such as cell phones (manufactured, e.g., by Motorola, Nokia,Qualcomm, and others). Such a phone can be equipped with a 1D or 2Dimage sensor, the output of which is applied to Bedoop decodingcircuitry within the phone. This decoding circuitry can be the phone'smain CPU, or can be a processing circuit dedicated to Bedoopfunctionality. (In this as in other embodiments, the decoding can beeffected by dedicated hardware, by decoding software executing on ageneral purpose CPU, etc.)

Cell phones are already equipped with numerous features that make themwell suited for Bedoop operation. One is that cell phones typicallyinclude an LCD or similar screen for display of textual or graphicinformation, and additionally include buttons or other controls forselecting among menu options presented on the screen (e.g., by moving acursor). Moreover, cell phones naturally include both audio input andoutput devices (i.e., microphone and speaker). Still further, theprotocol by which cell phones transmit data includes data identifyingthe phone, so that such data need not be separately encoded. Andfinally, cell phones obviously provide ready links to remote computersystems. Collectively, these capabilities rival those of the mostfully-equipped desktop computer system. Thus, essentially all of theapplications detailed elsewhere in this specification can be implementedusing cell phone Bedoop systems.

As with the other Bedoop systems, when Bedoop data is sensed, the phonecan respond to the data locally, or it can forward same over thecellular network to a remote system (or computer network) for handling.

One application that may be invoked locally (i.e., within the phone) isthe dialing of a corresponding telephone number. In some embodiments,the phone number is literally encoded as part of the Bedoop datapayload. In others, the phone number is stored in a memory within thephone, and indexed in accordance with an identifier decoded from theBedoop data.

The variety of operations that can be handled remotely is virtuallylimitless. Some entail interaction with the user. For example, theremote system may initially respond by presenting to the user a menu ofoptions on the display screen (e.g., Purchase, Add to Shopping List,Request Sample, Add to Notepad, etc.) The user then responds byproviding further input (e.g., by manipulating one or more buttons onthe phone, by providing spoken instructions to a voice recognitionsub-system within the phone, etc.). This further data is then dispatchedfrom the phone, and the requested action undertaken. Other operationsdon't require further interaction with the user, but immediately invokea corresponding action.

While the just-described arrangement included the Bedoop decodingfunction within the phone, in other embodiments the image data can betransmitted from the phone and decoded at a remote location.

Reference was earlier made to GPS receivers as permitting the locationof a person to be Is tracked, and contact information updatedaccordingly. GPS receivers find many other applications in Bedoopcontexts. For example, the response of a Bedoop system can be tailored,or vary, in accordance with the location of the person invoking theoperation. To illustrate, if a user presents a newspaper insert orcoupon for a Dominos pepperoni pizza meal to the Bedoop sensor on aGPS-equipped cellular phone, the GPS data can be encoded in the Bedoopdata dispatched to the Domino's Bedoop server. That server can identify,by reference to the GPS data, the location of the nearest Domino'sfranchise, and can forward the order to that franchisee. The franchisee,in turn, can telephone the user (by reference to telephone number datafrom the cell phone) to confirm the order, inquire if additional itemsare desired, inform the user of the final price, and to obtain thedelivery address. (The latter step can be omitted; the franchisee canemploy the GPS data to obtain the corresponding street address, e.g.,from map data licensed through NavTech of Chicago.)

The protocols by which the Bedoop data, GPS data, and cell phoneidentification data are conveyed from the phone to the cellular networkcan take various forms; the design of such systems are familiar to thosein the relevant arts. In one embodiment, the protocols by which somecell phones are now provided with email or internet access are furtheradapted to convey Bedoop and GPS data. The protocols for conveyingtelephone identification data are already well established. Oncereceived by the cellular network, the Bedoop data can be formatted intopackets, either incorporating the GPS data and telephone data into thesame packet structure, or by formatting such data into separate packetsaccompanying the Bedoop packets.

The provision of image sensors in cell phones enables otherfunctionality. One is the capture of still or video imagery. Such imagedata can be compressed (typically by lossy processes such as MPEG, JPEG,or the like, implemented with dedicated hardware CODECs) and transmittedwith the audio data. The screens on such phones can likewise be used fordisplay of incoming image or video data.

Another function enabled by image sensors in cell phones isuser-verification, e.g., by retinal scanning or other optically-sensedbiometrics, before the phone will permit a call to be placed. A greatnumber of such biometric verification techniques are known.

Cell phone Bedoop sensors may not always be in communication with thecell phone network. The phone may be out of range of a cell site, or maybe in operational mode in which an RF link is not then established. Insuch:events, any Bedoop data sensed by the phone that is to be handledremotely is desirably stored locally within the phone, and queued fortransmission to the cellular network the next time communication isestablished (a so-called “store and forward” form of operation).

Catalog Advertising

Any form of hand-held scanner—whether of the type just described orothers known in the art—offers a convenient way to interact with catalogadvertising. Imagine a traditional paper catalog, e.g., from L.L. Bean,Inc., or lands End. Each image in the catalog is Bedoop-encoded with acode that identifies the depicted product (and, if necessary, themanufacturer, etc.). A user browsing through the catalog, on seeing aproduct of interest, places the scanner over the picture (and optionallymay be required to push a button or otherwise signal to initiate furtherprocessing). The scanner detects the Bedoop data and relays it to anassociated computer (optionally with data identifying the consumer). Thecomputer polls a remote server computer maintained by the merchant,which responds with data corresponding to the item depicted in thescanned image. This returned data can include data indicating the sizesavailable, data indicating the colors available, data indicating thevariant styles available, flag bits indicating whether each item is instock, etc. This returned data can be presented to theconsumer—typically on a display device but alternatively in audibleform.

Preferably, the customer's body measurements (waist size, inseam length,neck size, etc.) are stored in a user profile, either on the localcomputer, at the merchant's server computer, or at the computer of athird party service provider. This allows the system to customize thedata presented to the user—e.g., showing the color options andavailability only for the depicted shirt in a 16 inch neck and a 34 inchsleeve length.

If necessary, the user can select among the color or style options,using the handheld input device (either buttons, gestures, etc.), or anyother input device. Or the item may be one for which no furtherspecifications are needed. In either event, once the desired product hasbeen sufficiently specified, the user can signal the system to place theorder. Payment and shipping details can be arranged through any of thegreat variety of techniques known in the art, e.g., by charging to acredit card number and shipping to an address on-file with the merchant.

Revenue Sharing

When a consumer presents a Bedoop-encoded object to a sensor, and as aresult of the link(s) thereby established, purchases a product orservice, the revenue from that transaction may be shared with theparticipants who made it possible. In the case of a Bedoop-encodedmagazine ad, some of the participants may include (1) the photographeror graphic designer who produced artwork used in the ad; (2) theadvertising agency whose creative talent led to the ad; (3) thepublisher of the magazine in which the consumer encountered the ad; (4)the service provider(s) who provided the transport channel(s) betweenthe consumer and the vendor, and (5) the service provider who maintainedthe server that ultimately linked the Bedoop data to the vendor's website.

Gambling Applications

Casinos around the world deploy considerable resources each year todeter cheating. To that end, playing cards and chips used for gaming andbetting could be encoded with digital watermarks and used to enhancesecurity. In order for the application to work, playing cards and chipswould be encoded with data unique to each casino, game, card deck and/orface value. Then, cameras placed above gaming tables would be used toread the information off the cards and chips. The information from thecards could be used to alert security or keep records of suspiciousactivity in the following ways.

A camera placed above a card gaming table (like Blackjack) could readthe data encoded in the backs of the cards determining the authenticityand face value of those cards. This means the camera could catch anyonetrying to replace cards after they were dealt-either by flagging cardsas not being part of the deck currently in use or by flagging them asbeing a different face value than those dealt to the player. If a playerswitches cards after they are dealt, the watermark reader in the cameracan alert security of the fraudulent activity.

Additionally, the data encoded in the cards can be used to track thewinner(s) at the table. If the dealer and the player are in collusion,that player may be dealt winning cards on a regular, predetermined basis(based on tricky shuffling by the dealer). By watching the pattern andface value of cards that are dealt, it can be determined if a playerwins at a much higher than average rate. Again, security personnel canbe alerted to suspicious activity.

Cameras placed above gaming tables where chips are used (certainly notlimited to card games) can be programmed to watch for watermarks inchips. Any chip that does not include the appropriate watermark cansignal that a chip might be counterfeit. In another situation, the facevalue of the chips can be determined as they are placed on the tablesuch that any switching of the chips after play begins will be noted.

The foregoing principles are more generally applicable to monitoring andsurveillance systems employing digital watermark technology to identifymonitored objects.

Part II

As noted, the following disclosure focuses on one particularapplication—a system for linking print media to electronic content Itshould be reiterated, however, that the technology is not so limited,and may more generally be viewed as a system for linking any object(physical or electronic) to a corresponding networked or local resource.

In accordance with an exemplary application of the below-detailedtechnology, digital watermarking is employed to convey a plural bitidentifier within print media, such as magazine advertisements orarticles, direct mail coupons or catalogs, bank- or credit-cards, andbusiness cards. This identifier is read by software in a user'scomputing device and forwarded to a remote database. The remote databaseidentifies a URL corresponding to the identifier, and provides the URLback to the user's computer—permitting a browser on the user's computerto display the URL-identified web page. That web page can provideadditional information or services—more timely and/or more extensivethan that provided by the print material. By such arrangement, moreefficient internet navigation and access is provided to consumers, andmore effective means for linking readers to e-commerce points of sale isprovided to advertisers.

Before beginning a detailed exposition, it may be helpful to provide anoverview of the larger system of which the present technology forms apart. As shown in FIG. 1, the larger system entails four basicprocesses—registering, embedding, detection and response.

Registering refers to the process of assigning an ID to an object, andassociating that ID with a corresponding action or response. Additionalsteps can be included, such as logging the name and/or organization ofthe registrant, the name of the product, a description of the object anda context in which it is found (magazine, book, audio track, etc.), etc.

Embedding refers to the process of encoding of an object with a digitalidentifier (e.g., a watermark conveying a serial number in its payload).

Detection is the complementary operation to embedding, i.e., discerninga digital identifier from an object.

Response refers to the action taken based on the discerned identifier.The middle two steps—embedding and detection—can employ any of myriadwell-known technologies, including 1D and 2D barcodes, magnetic inkcharacter recognition (MICR), optical character recognition (OCR),optical mark recognition (OMR), radio frequency identification (RF/ID),data glyphs, organic transistors, magnetic stripe, metadata, file headerinformation, UV/IR identifiers, and other machine-readable indicia andtechniques for associating plural-bit digital data with an electronic orphysical object. The detailed embodiment employs watermarkingtechnology, although this is illustrative only.

Referring to FIG. 2, a system 10 according to the exemplary embodimentincludes an originating device 12, a router/server 14, a product handler16, a registration database 17, and one or more remote resources 18.

The originating device 12 can take many different forms, e.g., a cellphone, a personal digital assistant (e.g., a Palm Pilot), a personalcomputer, a barcode scanning system, etc. For expository convenience,the embodiment is described with reference to a personal computer fordevice 12.

Device 12 interacts with an object 20. The object can be electronic ornot. Electronic objects can include computer files, representations ofaudio, video, or still imagery (e.g., files or in streaming form), etc.Non-electronic objects can include physical objects such as newspapers,magazine pages, posters, product packaging, event tickets, credit cards,paper currency, etc. Non-electronic objects can also include soundsproduced by loudspeakers.

When used with nonelectronic objects, device 12 (FIG. 2) typicallyincludes some form of sensor or transducer 22 to produce electronicsignals or data corresponding to the object. Examples include CCD- orCMOS-based optical sensors (either as part of still- or video cameras,flatbed scanners, mice, or otherwise), microphones, barcode scanners, RFID sensors, mag stripe readers, etc. In such cases, the sensor 22 may becoupled to associated interface electronics 24, which in turn may becoupled to device driver software 26, which in turn may be coupled toone or more application programs 28. Device driver software 26 serves asa software interface, communicating at a relatively high level with theapplication programs 28 (e.g., through API instructions whose contentand format are standardized to facilitate application programming), andat a relatively low level with the interface electronics 24.

The detailed embodiment contemplates that the object 20 is a magazineadvertisement encoded with a steganographic watermark conveying a pluralbit object identifier. The watermark is hidden in the advertisement'simage in a manner indiscernable to human observers, but detectable bycomputer analysis. That analysis is performed by a watermark detector30.

Watermark detector 30 can be implemented in various different locationsin the system of FIG. 1. Typically, the detector is implemented in theoriginating device 12, e.g., in the driver software 26, or inapplication software 28 c that serves to link to external resourcesbased on detected watermarks. But it may be implemented elsewhere, e.g.,in hardware in the interface electronics 24, in an operating systemassociated with the device, or outside device 12 altogether. Somesystems may have plural watermark detectors, implemented at differentlocations throughout the system.

In an illustrative system, the watermark detector is implemented in thedevice driver 26. Functionality of the detector is made available to theapplication program 28 c through one or more APls specific towatermark-related functions. One function is reading of the watermarkdata payload from the object 20.

The illustrated application 28 c is a software program that serves tocommunicate the watermark data from the device 12 to the router/server14 through one or more communications links 32 (e.g., the internet).Application 28 c also receives information from the communication links32 and presents same to the user (or otherwise uses same).

The router/server 14 is a high capacity computer including one or moreCPUs, memory, disks, and I/O ports. As is familiar to artisans, thedisks store operating system software and application programs, togetherwith data, that are transferred to the memory as needed by the CPU. Therouter essentially serves as a middleman between the application 28 cand the product handler 16. As detailed below, the router receivesrequests from the application, logs them in a transaction log 15, andpasses them on to the appropriate product handler.

As more particularly detailed below, the handler 16 provides a responsein accordance with the particular watermark payload. The response may beprovided directly by the product handler to the device 12, or thehandler may respond by communicating with a remote resource 18 (whichmay be, e.g., a data repository or service provider).

In the former case, the handler 16 may identify a URL corresponding tothe watermark (using the database 17), and return the URL to theapplication 28 c. Application 28 c can then pass the URL to a webbrowser 28 b in the device 12, and initiate a link to the internet siteidentified by the URL. Or the handler may have some locally stored data(e.g., audio or video, or software updates) and send it to the device 12in response to the watermark.

In the latter case, the handler 16 does not respond directly to thedevice 12. Instead, the handler responds by communicating with a remoteresource 18. The communication can be as simple as logging receipt ofthe watermark message in a remote repository. Or it can be toauthenticate device 12 (or a user thereof) to a remote resource inanticipation of a further transaction (e.g., the communication can formpart of an on-line licensing or digital rights management transaction).Or the communication can request the remote resource to provide data ora service back to device 12 or to another destination (e.g., to initiatean FTP file transfer, or to request that a song selection identified bythe watermark be downloaded to a user's personal music library, or toupdate software installed on device 12).

In still other cases, hybrids of the two foregoing cases can beemployed, e.g., handler 16 can send some data back to device 12, whilealso communicating with a remote resource 18.

In some cases, the response returned to the device 12 by handler 6 (or aremote resource 18) can serve to trigger some further action by thedevice 12. For example, the response returned to device 12 can include aWindowsMedia audio file, together with a request that the device 12launch the WindowsMedia player installed on the device. (The launchingof a browser pointed to a URL is another example of such triggering.)

The illustrated product handler 16 comprises essentially the samehardware elements as the router 14, e.g., CPU, memory, etc. AlthoughFIG. 2 shows just one product handler, several product handlers can beincluded in the system—either co-located of geographically distributed.Different handlers can be dedicated to different functions (e.g.,serving URLs, serving music, etc.) or to different watermark sources(e.g., one responds to watermarks found in audio, another responds towatermarks found in print advertising, etc.). Further specialization mayalso be desirable (e.g., one handler may respond to advertising placedby Ford, another may respond to advertising placed by Chevrolet; or onehandler may respond to advertising appearing in Wired magazine, anothermay respond to advertising appearing in Time magazine, etc.). In oneparticular implementation, the router 14 dispatches the incoming data toone of several handlers in accordance with (1) the vendor of theoriginating application 28 c, and (2) the particular identity of theapplication 28 c.

The following discussion focuses on the data exchanged between theapplication 28 c, the router/server 14, the product handler 16, and theassociated protocols, in one illustrative embodiment.

Concept of Operation

When shown a watermarked image, the application 28 c analyzes the imageand extracts the embedded watermark payload (more particularly detailedbelow) from the image. The application sends some or all of thisinformation in a message format to the router 14.

The router 14 decodes the received message, looking for vendor andproduct information. Based on this information, it passes the message toa corresponding product handler 16.

The product handler receives the message and attempts to match thedetected watermark serial number to a registered watermark serial numberearlier stored in the database 17. If a match is found, the producthandler performs the desired action. As noted, typical actions includereturning a URL for web redirection, serving up an HTML page for initialuser navigation, initiating software downloads, etc. If a match is notfound, the product handler returns an error code and message to theapplication 28 c. If a match is found, but the corresponding action isunavailable, incomplete, inactive or invalid, the product handlerreturns an error code and message to the calling application.

A generalized view of the foregoing is provided in FIG. 4.

(Note that while the system may concentrate on a certain type of object20, and a certain vendor's application 28 c, the architecture isconstructed to support accessing product handlers from other vendors andcorresponding to other objects. This concept makes the system suitableas a clearinghouse for processing all machine-readable indicia onweb-enabled devices.)

An exemplary detection and response cycle is illustrated below.

User Application Router Product Handler Shows object to sensor 22Acquires watermark Creates message packet Sends packet to producthandler Receives message packet Logs transaction Decodes packetIdentifies product sending packet Passes packet to Product Handlercorresponding to product Logs received packet Validates packet serialnumber If not found, returns error packet to application Else, returnspacket with data/action back to application (e.g., URL) Receives packetIf error, display error message Else, display data or perform therequested action (e.g., launch browser and link based on received URL)Sees the data/action associated with the object (e.g., views web page)

The present system generalizes this example to support any product fromany vendor that is capable of sending a message via the Internet thatcomplies with the expected request format (e.g., a product code, messagetype, and identifier) and receiving a message in a correspondingresponse format. One set of message formats suitable for use in such asystem are described in more detail below.

Watermark Registration—the First Step in the Process

In order for the system to identify the response (e.g., a URL) thatcorresponds to an object identifier (e.g., a watermark), this data mustfirst be associated within the database 17 in association with thewatermark to which it corresponds. The watermark registration processcaptures some basic identification information used later to validatethe incoming message, and identifies the associated information/actionIn the illustrated example the identification information includes:

-   -   Customer Account,    -   Object and associated attributes (name, description, expiration,        etc.),    -   Action, and    -   Registered Serial Number (for registration updates)

The Customer Account identifies the watermark registrant. In most cases,this is also the party to be billed for services. For validation andsecurity reasons, the Customer Account is required to be a known,existing account. Account information, including the account's password,is maintained by an Account Management system.

The Object and associated attributes identifies the object to bewatermarked. The object attributes typically include the name anddescription of the object and a list of accounts authorized to accessthe object's registration. These authorized “supporting” accounts aretypically the ad agencies, pre-press houses, etc. involved in thewatermark embedding process in the print advertising examplecontemplated herein.

The Action defines the response the customer desires when the watermarkis detected. It varies byproduct, but in the illustrative embodimentinvolves the return of some additional information regarding thewatermarked object. In the illustrative system, the action is return ofa URL or HTML to be used to display a web page associated with thewatermarked object. For other products, the desired response may bedisplay of the object's owner & rights information, software/datadownloads, delivery of streamed audio or video, presentation of anadvertisement, initiation of object-based actions, etc.

The Registered Serial Number forms the last component of theregistration. It is this assigned vendor and product-unique identifierthat allows the system to acquire the specific information/action forthe object in question.

A Few Key Product Registration Concepts—

Watermark Registration is a Product-Specific Process—

To allow each of the products the freedom to upgrade their capabilitieswithout impacting any other product function or schedule, theregistration process is product-specific.

Watermark Registration is Web-Enabled—

The exemplary registration is a web-enabled process that requests thebasic identifying information from the object owner (publisher, adagency, studio, etc.) and returns to the registrant a packet with aunique identifier to be embedded within the object. A watermarkembedding application (i.e., software) uses this packet to embed thewatermark type and serial number within the client's object. In theillustrative system, only one watermark may be embedded within a singleobject. In other embodiments, multiple watermarks may be embedded into asingle object.

When a customer registers a watermark, the system associates thewatermark serial number with the information provided by the customerduring the registration process. The associated information may varywith different products. One set of associations, for the exemplarymagazine advertisement objects, is shown in the following table:

TABLE 1 Registration Database Elements Mandatory? Information CommentsMandatory Customer Typically, the publisher Mandatory Publication(s)Magazine(s) containing the ad Mandatory Issue Date First date of themagazine/publication period Optional Volume Magazine/publication volumeinformation Optional Region Code Optional information for regionalpublications Optional Location Code Location of the object within thepublication (e.g., page and, optionally, finer location data) MandatoryWatermark Watermarks may have varying type. The Type type defines how tointerpret the Serial Number Mandatory Serial Number Assigned watermarknumber Mandatory Object Name Customer's name for the object MandatoryObject Customer's textual description of the Description objectMandatory Object Type Ad or Editorial (and in other systems: DirectMailer Card, Product Packaging, Coupon, Catalog, Business Card, CreditCard, etc.) Optional Campaign For ads and promotions, the campaign nameOptional Object size Stated in fractions of the page (full page, half,etc.) Mandatory Effective Date Date on which the user will first be ableto initiate any actions. For publications, typically this is the “onstand” date Mandatory Expiration date Date/time when the watermarkexpires Mandatory Primary Action Initially the URL used for redirectionMandatory Primary Date the Primary action becomes effective EffectiveMandatory Primary Date the Primary action expires Expires OptionalDefault Action Reserved for future use (e.g., backup to the Primaryaction) Optional Default Date the Default action becomes effectiveEffective Optional Default Expires Date the Default action expiresOptional E-mail address Used to automatically notify the Customer ofproblems with the registration/Action Mandatory Status Incomplete,active, inactive Optional Problem Bad URL, slow site, etc. IndicatorOptional Supporting This field and its sub-fields are repeated Accountsfor each supporting account Optional User Fields (4) Optional Text UserField free text Optional Viewable by Y/N. N hides the field from anyother Others? accounts

Watermark Registrations Expire—

For some products, watermarks are granted only for a limited period oftime. For these watermarks, the Registration process employs anexpiration date for the assigned serial number. When the system receivesa message requesting action for a serial number that has expired, anerror is returned. Registrants may extend their, watermark serial numberexpirations by updating the expiration date. Expiration extensions mayresult in customer charges.

Watermark Registration can be Completed in One or More Web Sessions—

Registration can be a single or multi-step process. If the media ownerhas all of the required information at the start of the process, thesystem can provide a simple web-enabled method for requesting awatermark serial number (s) on-line. With all of the informationprovided, the registration is considered “active.” That is, it isavailable for immediate use by the consumer. If the registrant does nothave all of the required information available at the initial session,by providing a minimum set of information (e.g., name and/ororganization name+product), a product watermark serial number may stillbe issued for the registrant to use in the embedding process. The mosttypical use of this partial registration occurs when the actionsassociated with the media to be watermarked (e.g., URL, etc.) are notyet known. The partially registered serial number is considered“inactive” until all of the required registration information has beencompleted. The system will issue an error message if requested toprocess an “inactive” serial number. Whether active or inactive, theseregistrations may be considered billable items subject to the terms andconditions of the applicable contract(s).

Registrations can be updated by the customer to reflect new informationand/or to complete a previous registration session. For example, aregistered customer may request a watermark serial number withoutspecifying the URL used to redirect the consumer. The system will assigna serial number so that the customer can continue with the embeddingprocess, but the registration will not be considered complete until thecustomer updates the registration with the URL and any other mandatoryinformation regarding this serial number.

Watermark Registrations are Secure—

Only the registrant and those accounts that the registrant authorizescan access specific watermark registrations.

In the illustrated system, the customer account that registers awatermark may grant permission to a specific ad agency and/or pre-presshouse to change certain fields within the registration as a normal partof their work. Each customer, agency and pre-press house needs anaccount on file to be granted access to watermark registrations. TheCustomer account is established as part of the contract process. For adagencies and pre-press houses, the accounts are established on anas-needed basis, through a controlled web site accessible to thecustomer.

For all products, the same basic tenet holds—access to the registrationinformation is limited to only explicitly authorized accounts. Accountsare password protected. For ad agencies and pre-press houses, a singlepassword may be shared. In other embodiments, each part may be assigneda unique password.

Watermark Registration Changes are Logged—

All registration actions—creation, modification and deletion—are loggedin an audit log. The authenticated username, the date/time of theaction, and the action itself are all stored to provide a complete audittrail.

Processes and data flows associated with registration are illustrated inFIG. 6.

Entering Data into the Registration Database

While the client application, router, and product handler have initiallybeen described in connection with responding to watermark informationsensed from media objects, the same infrastructure can be employedearlier in the process, to enter data into the registration database 17.That is, a suitably configured variant of application 28 c can be usedby publishers, ad agencies, pre-press houses, etc., to (a) provideinitial data to the database; (b) update such data; and (c) query thedatabase for current values. Alternatively, a dedicated registrationserver 19 (FIG. 2) can be employed.

The involvement of plural parties in the registration process can befacilitated by encapsulating the database record contents for a givenwatermark in a file to which information is successively added (orupdated) by different entities, and used to convey data between thedatabase 17 and the cited entities.

Consider a case where Nike advertises in Wired magazine. The addepartment at Wired agrees to sell space in response to a request from amedia buyer at Nike. Wired may start the related watermark work bysecuring from the operator of system 10 a particular watermarkidentifier. (This, and most of the following procedures, are effected bycomputers talking to computers in accordance with instructions providedby suitable software used by the various participants, etc. In thediscussion that follows, this software is the registration server 19although, as noted, product handler 16 could be arranged to performthese functions.) Wired provides the operator an issue identifier (e.g.,San Francisco edition of the July, 2000 issue), and internal trackinginformation used by the magazine. Registration server 19 responds bysending Wired a confirmatory file, by email, that encapsulates theinformation thus-far (i.e., the watermark identifier, the issue ID, andthe magazine tracking information). Server 19 creates a new databaserecord, and parses the received information into corresponding fields ofthe record.

Wired forwards the file received from the registration server to themedia buyers at Nike. Nike supplements the information with itsadditional data, including the name of the advertisement and internaltracking information. It then forwards the updated file to server 19.Again, this server processes the file and updates the database recordwith the new information. It emails a confirmatory data file to bothNike and Wired, so each has the latest set of information.

The process continues in this fashion. Each entity provides new data tothe registration server 19 via an emailed encapsulating file. The serverupdates the corresponding database record, and dispatches updatedversions of the encapsulating file to the identified participants soeach has the latest information.

Once Nike has entered its data via this process, it may forward theencapsulating file to its outside ad agency. The ad agency uses the filesimilarly, adding its particular information, and forwarding the file tothe server. The server updates the database record accordingly, adds thead agency to its email distribution list for encapsulating files, anddispatches the latest version of the file to Wired, Nike, and the adagency.

A pre-press house may be the next party involved, and so forth.

Identification of the URL to which the watermark ID corresponds, andupdating of the database record accordingly, may not happen until nearthe end of the process.

At any time, any of the parties can provide additional information tothe database, and share such information with others, via the sameprocess. (Some information may not be suitable for distribution to allinvolved parties, and can be flagged accordingly.)

Server 19 needn't always be the hub through which all communicationtakes place. The file as updated by Nike, for example, can be forwardedby Nike directly to its ad agency. The ad agency can add itsinformation, and then provide the twice-updated file to the server, etc.

By using distributed files as proxies for the actual database record, anumber of advantages accrue. One is local availability of the latestinformation by all parties without the need for an internet connection.Thus, if a creative director wants to work on the beach, or otherwisedisconnected from the net, the needed information is still available.Another is the ease of integrating software tools at each of the partieswith a file of local data specific to a particular advertisement, ratherthan requiring the architectural hassles of interfacing with a remotedatabase and navigating its attendant authentication and securityhurdles.

While the foregoing discussion made reference to emailing files, atypical email program would not normally be used. Instead, to bettermanage the attendant logistics, a specialized file management/mailprogram is used by each of the parties. Such program would track thelatest file for each advertisement, making same readily available forupdating as desired, and index the files by various content fields. Theuser interface could thus present a list of files, grouped or sorted byany of the database fields, permitting editing or adding of informationjust by clicking on a given field or tab.

Of course, the file-distribution system just-described isn't essentialto the system. A great variety of other arrangements can naturally beemployed. One is for each party to log-on to server 19 as needed toinspect, or update, database fields for which it has appropriatepermissions.

Numbering Schemes

The payload information encoded into objects (e.g., by watermarking) cantake a number of forms and sizes. Four exemplary classes are discussedbelow:

a) Domain-based payload segmentation;

b) Customer/usage-based payload segmentation;

c) Unsegmented payload; and

d) Unique ID

Domain-Based Payload Segmentation

Domain-based payload segmentation approaches divide the payload intofields, each with a distinct meaning. The CLASS/DNS/UID arrangementearlier detailed is exemplary of this type of approach.

Consider a payload of 60 bits. Twelve bits may form a Class ID. Thesebits serve as an identifier for a top-level domain. 24 other bits mayform a DNS ID. These bits identify an intermediate level domain.Together, the Class and DNS IDs fully identify the class of objects fromwhich the data originates, the customer, and the server that shouldrespond to the payload. (Some responses may be handled by the clientcomputer, rather than dispatched to a remote server.)

The remaining 24 bits are a User ID, and serve as the most granularidentifier, indicating the particular source of the payload. Based onthis ID, the responding server knows exactly which response is to beprovided.

This payload is embedded, in its entirety, into the customer's object.When sensed by the client computer, the application 28 c parses(decodes) the payload into Class ID, DNS ID and User ID fields. TheClass ID is used to trigger one or more of the client- or server-sideprograms. Once “launched” these products then use the Class ID inconjunction with the DNS ID and the User ID to complete the desiredaction.

One of the Class IDs may signify the object is a magazine page. Basedthereon, the application 28 c may direct the payload to therouter/handler described above for response. Another Class ID maysignify that the object is music. Again, the application may direct thepayload to the same router. Or the application may direct the payload toa service maintained by a music industry consortium for response. Stillanother Class ID may signify that the object is a grocery package, andthe payload should be routed to an on-line grocer for response. Yetanother Class ID may signify that the object is a business card, and thepayload should be processed locally, at the client machine. The mappingbetween Class IDs, and the corresponding response mechanism to which theapplication 28 c should direct the payload, may be maintained by adatabase associated with the client computer's operating system (e.g.,the Windows Registry), as detailed earlier.

Once the payload has been dispatched to a proper response destination,that entity examines the DNS ID to further classify the correctresponding entity. For example, different IDs may correspond todifferent classes of servers within a tree of servers.

One the payload has been directed to the correct class of servers, theUser ID defines the terminal “leaf” in the tree (e.g., a databaserecord) that finally defines the response.

Customer/Usage-Based Payload Segmentation

A second approach again employs a segmented payload technique. In thisarrangement, however, a first field defines the interpretation of thefollowing bits (e.g., their segmentation into different fields).

Again, consider an exemplary payload of 60 bits. Twelve bits can be aVersion ID. These bits indicate how the succeeding bits are to be parsedand interpreted, and may indicate (like the Class ID in the foregoingapproach) the particular application program 28 c that should be used.The Version ID bits thus serve to indicate the payload type. In theillustrated embodiment, one of these types signifies that the payload iscoming from a magazine page and should be handled accordingly. In thiscase, the remaining 48 bits can be parsed into three fields: Owner ID(15 bits), Publication ID (15 bits), and Media ID (18 bits).

The Owner ID identifies the customer to whom the watermark is registered(e.g., Nike). This is used for ad effectiveness analysis and billingpurposes. The Publication ID identifies the particular publication(e.g., July, 2000, San Francisco edition of Wired Magazine). The MediaID identifies a particular page location within that publication.

As before, the payload is embedded in its entirety into the customer'sobject. The payload is first parsed to determine the Version ID. If theuser's device 12 has been programmed to handle such objects locally,further parsing is performed in accordance with data corresponding tothat Version ID, and associated processing of the parsed data isperformed. If the device has been instructed to dispatch such payloadsto remote locations for service, the complete payload can be dispatchedwith only such further parsing (if any) as may be required to correctlyidentify the corresponding remote servicing entity.

Unsegmented Payload

An unsegmented payload consists only of two parts: a Version ID (asdescribed above) and an Object ID. In an illustrative case, a 60-bitpayload is again used, with 12 bits serving as the Version ID, and theremaining 48 serving as the Object ID.

In this approach the relationships of owner/customer, publication,issue, and media are all maintained in database 17 rather than literallyrepresented in some fashion within the object identifier.

Unique ID

This case is akin to the unsegmented payload, but consists of just asingle field—a unique identifier. The same application 28 c is alwaysused, and always treats the payload data consistently (e.g., processinglocally, or dispatching to a predetermined destination) regardless ofthe payload contents.

Combinations and hybrids of the foregoing approaches can of course beused. Moreover, the 60 bit payload length is illustrative only. Longer(e.g., up to 1024 bits) or shorter (e.g., down to 8 bits) payloads cannaturally be used.

In a particular embodiment, a 32-bit unsegmented payload is used,consisting of 10 bits of payload type and 22 bits of watermark serialnumber. Some materials (e.g., advertisements including compositegraphics) may be encoded with several serial numbers. The mappingbetween this payload and the customer/publication/etc., is maintained indatabase 17.

(As noted below, the data sent from the application 28 c typicallyincludes information other than the identifier payload, e.g., the typeand version number of the application 28 c, the electronic address ofthe dispatching application, etc.)

Router

The router 14 permits any number of different products to be used by theindicia detection and response model. By keeping this function separateand generalized, new products can be added without design changes to theexisting products or the product handlers 16. There are two keys tomaking this approach successful—speed and flexibility. By using astandardized, open interface, the router is able to facilitate both ofthese goals.

A premise of an exemplary interface is an enveloping technique thatallows the router to “open” the outer transaction envelope and extractthe vendor and application ID without decoding the remainder of thetransaction (message). Given these two pieces of information, the routeruses a simple lookup table to determine the product handler appropriateto complete the transaction. The router then passes the vendor,application, remainder of the transaction and the Internet “reply to”address on to the appropriate product handler. The simplicity of thishandling keeps the routing delay to a minimum, while deferring theactual response processing to vendor/product-specific handlers. Byincluding the “reply to” address in the data passed on to the producthandlers, the router is freed from the responsibility of return routingfor the product's response(s).

To review, the router:

1. decodes the request packet received from the client products into thepacket's base components—Vendor ID, Application ID and message;

2. validates the request packet base components against a list of known,good values;

3. if a request packet component is found to be invalid, issues an errormessage noting the invalid components and returning same to the callingsession (e.g., product);

4. sends the decoded request packet contents and any requiredidentification of the calling session to the appropriate producthandler; and

5. reports any errors encountered, including invalid packets received,to a system monitor.

Certain data flows associated with the router are shown in FIG. 5.

Product Handler

The primary function of the illustrative product handler 16 is toprocess requests received from the application 28 c, via the Internetand router 14, and return the requested information action to theoriginating device 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the informationrequested is the URL associated with the watermark payload sent by theapplication. In other embodiments, other actions and/or information maybe requested.

Each received watermark payload is validated using information in thedatabase 17. If the watermark payload ID is found and is active, therequested action is performed. If the watermark payload ID is not foundor is in an inactive state, an error message is returned to therequesting application.

All requests are logged in a transaction log for tracking and billingpurposes. This includes any secondary payload information (zip code,Demographic Household ID, etc.) passed in by the application 28 c. Thelog can be maintained by the product handler 16, or elsewhere.

To speed system response, the product handler 16 may anticipatorily sendURLs to the application corresponding to watermark payloads the handlerforesees may be coming. These URLs can be cached in memory associatedwith the application 28 c, and quickly recalled if needed by theapplication.

Consider, for example, a magazine containing watermarked advertising. Ifthe user presents a first ad to the device 12, the watermark is decodedand forwarded to the product handler 16, which responds with a URLcorresponding to that ad. The application 28 c then passes that receivedURL to a web browser 28 b on the device 12, which initiates a link tothat internet address. But the handler now knows the magazine the useris reading. By reference to the watermark first received, the handlermay discern, for example, that the user is reading the San Franciscoedition of the Mar. 14, 2000, Time magazine, and just looked at page 85.Based on this information the handler can query the database 17 for URLsassociated with other advertising in that issue. (The database index isstructured to permit fast queries identifying all ads in a givenmagazine issue or other collective data source.) These URLs are passedback to the application 28 c and cached. If the user next presents anadvertisement from page 110 to device 12, the application 28 c finds italready has the corresponding URL locally cached. The application thenpasses the corresponding URL to the web browser. The web browserinitiates the link immediately, obviating a data round trip between theapplication and the remote system.

The caching can be optimized in a variety of ways. One is to first sendURLs corresponding to pages that are next-expected to be encountered.For example, if the user just presented page 85 to the sensor 22, aftersending the URL for that page, the handler 16 would next send the URLsassociated with pages 86, 87, etc. On sending the URL for the last pageof the magazine (typically the rear cover), the handler could start fromthe beginning (typically the front cover) and send further URLs up tothat for page 84. Another optimization is to first cache URLs for themost conspicuous ads, e.g., first send URLs for any 2-page spread ads,then for each full page add, then for each successively smallerfractional-page ad. Still another approach is for handler 16 to dispatchURLs to device 12 for caching in accordance with a contractually-agreedpriority. One advertiser, for example, may pay a premium ad rate inexchanged for being cached before other advertisers who don't pay thepremium. Other caching priorities, and combinations of such priorities,can naturally be employed.

In some systems, the advertisers or publishers may be charged for use ofthe system based on the number of URLs served by the system for linking.If local caching of URLs (e.g., at device 12) is employed, it isdesirable for device 12 to report to router 14 (or handler 16) the URLsthat are actually retrieved from the local cache and used for linking,so that the remote system can log same. Thus, each time the userpresents an object to sensor 22 for which a corresponding URL is alreadycached, application 28 c dispatches a message to router 14 reporting theevent (and, usually, the particular URL involved). This event is thenlogged in the transaction log.

This anticipatory dispatching of URLs is one alternative function thatmay be performed by a product handler. Another is if the application 28c queries the product handler to determine if a more recent version ofthe application is available for download. If so, theapplication—through interaction with the user—can request that theproduct handler respond with a software download.

In greater detail, application 28 c can periodically query the producthandler as to the identity of the latest version of application 28 c(e.g., the first time the application is used each day). Device 12 mayhave version 3.04, and the remote system may respond that version 3.07is the most current. In such case the application 28 c can alert theuser—by suitable text, graphics, or other means—that a more recentversion of the program is available, and query whether such updatedversion should be obtained. If the user so-instructs, handler 16 canserve to device 12 the latest version of the application (or a patchpermitting the presently-installed version to be updated).

Sometimes it may not be necessary to update the application version.Instead, data from the remote system may indicate the desirability, ornecessity, or changing just one or more parameters in the application 28c. For example, new security keys can be dispatched periodically byhandler 16 to device 12, and used to change the security configurationof the application. Or the application 28 c can be instructed to directfurther outgoing watermark traffic—either for the next hour, day, oruntil instructed otherwise—to a different router 14. Such instructioncan be used to optimize system performance, e.g., for router loadbalancing purposes, to avoid internet routes that are found to be slow,etc.

In summary, the detailed handler

1. validates the received identifier (e.g., watermark serial number)against the list of active identifiers; and, if the serial number is notfound, return an error message to the calling session, and log the errorto an error handling routine;

2. for each received, valid watermark serial number, finds thecorresponding active primary action from the database;

3. for each received, valid watermark serial number, if the handlerfinds the corresponding primary action is currently not active, itperforms an alternative, “default” action instead;

4. if the handler finds an active primary action associated with thereceived valid watermark serial number, it returns the URL forapplication use in redirection (round trip approach), or serves the HTMLpage found to the calling session;

5. if the handler does not find an active primary action associated withthe received valid watermark serial number, but does find an associateddefault action, it returns that URL for application use in redirection(round trip approach), or serves the HTML page found to the callingsession;

6. if the handler does not find a valid, active primary or defaultaction associated with the watermark serial number, it returns an errormessage to the calling session, and logs the error to the error handlingroutine;

7. records each transaction, including those that result in errormessages, for billing and analysis purposes (in other embodiments, thisfunction may be performed by the router, instead);

8. responds to a “software version request” by returning the most recentavailable application software version number to the calling session;

9. responds to a “software download request” by initiating a filetransfer of the most recent available application software to thecalling session;

10. responds to a valid Request for Registration packet upload (properformat, an existing serial number, an account ID and a validcorresponding account password) by returning a current registrationpacket for the provided watermark serial number;

11. responds to an invalid Request for Registration packet by returningan error message to the calling session noting the failure;

12. responds to a local transaction cache flush request by writing thelocally cached transactions to the transaction log; and

13. responds to a multiple URL request by returning the URL associatedwith the provided serial number first, followed by all other activeserial numbers and URLs for the publication, issue and region code(optional) provided.

Certain of the above-described processes associated with the producthandler are shown in FIG. 6.

URL Performance Monitoring

Returning to operation of the system, the URLs identified in database 17may, from time to time, become inoperative or impaired due to equipmentproblems at the remote web site or otherwise. If desired, the handler 16(or another component of the system) can be programmed to periodicallytest each of the links registered as active in the database (e.g., onceper day), and measure the time for the associated web page to load. Ifthe web page doesn't load, or takes much longer to load than usual (andre-tests confirm that the condition isn't an anomaly), those conditionscan be flagged in the corresponding database record. If the handler isrequested to provide such a URL to a device 12, the handler can send amessage—either with or without the URL—indicating to the device that theURL is misbehaving.

If the URL is working, but is unduly slow to load (either compared toits historical performance, or compared to other URLs), handler 16 canprovide an interim diversion to the device 12. For example, it caninstruct the device to launch a second browser window, and direct thatbrowser to an alternate destination to entertain the user while waitingfor the intended page to load. When the intended page is finally loaded,the first browser window can be displayed—either by closing the second,diversionary window, or by bringing the first window to the front whilekeeping the second window alive in the background.

This alternate destination is desirably a low bandwidth page, so that itwill not unacceptably further slow loading of the desired URL. Thisalternate page can be one selected by the handler, for which the URL issent after the desired URL. Or instead of providing a URL from thehandler, the handler can serve an HTML or other page directly to thedevice 12. Or the alternative URL can be stored at device 12 and used toinvoke the second browser window upon receipt of data from handler 16indicating that the desired content will be slow in coming. In someembodiments the user can identify several alternate URLs (e.g., weather,stock info, jokes) and the handler or the application 28 c may selectamong them randomly or otherwise. Or an HTML page or other applicationcan be loaded locally at the device 12 in response to a “get ready towait” indication from the handler 16.

If a URL is marked in the database 17 as slow or inoperative, thescanning operation periodically rechecks the URL to see if its status inthe database should be changed (e.g., changed from inactive to active).Inactive URLs are reported to the registrant by email, and flagged formanual follow-up if not restored to action within a predeterminedperiod.

Illustrative Responses by Product Handler

Part I, above, provided a sampling of the great variety of diverseapplications enabled by the illustrated system 10. A few more aredetailed below.

Consider use of the system 10 to enable personalized greeting cards. Agreeting card company may prepare watermarked press-on stickers for usewith its cards or other correspondence. The customer shows the stickerto a camera-equipped computer (either at the retail store, at home, orelsewhere). The computer decodes the watermark and sends same to acorresponding product handler 16 through the router 14. Thehandler—recognizing the watermark as an unregistered greeting cardsticker—invites the customer to enter a destination URL, such as thecustomer's personal web page. This information is entered by theconsumer and forwarded to the remote system for entry in theregistration database 17. Thereafter, whenever the sticker is shown to asuitably-enabled system (e.g., by the card recipient), a browser windowis automatically launched and directed to the web page specified by thepurchasing consumer. (The same result can, of course, be effectedwithout use of stickers, e.g., by encoding the greeting cardsthemselves.)

In some applications, the product handler may have a library ofdifferent responses it can provide to a user in a particular context,depending on the user's further selection. Consider a university studenthaving a suitably-watermarked university ID card. When the card ispresented to a device 12, the product handler replies with HTMLinstructions causing an options menu to appear on the device screen,e.g:

1. Review calendar of upcoming university academic events

2. Review calendar of upcoming university sporting events

3. Review present class schedule

4. Select courses for next semester

5. Review grades

When the student makes a selection (e.g., with a mouse, or by moving theID card in a specified manner), the application 28 c dispatches datacorresponding to the selected option to the product handler, which thenresponds with the requested data.

In some cases (e.g., Review present class schedule, Select courses fornext semester, Review grades), care must be taken to protect suchinformation from persons attempting access using lost or stolen IDs.Accordingly, when any of these options is selected, the handler 16 mayfirst respond to device 12 by querying for a password or PIN. Only afterentry of the correct password/PIN is the requested action performed.(For security reasons, the university may prefer that the passwordauthentication process be performed by a dedicated on-campus server,rather than by product handler 16. Naturally, this and other tasks canbe delegated to processors other than handler 16 as best fits thesituation.)

In other cases, an option menu needn't be presented—the correct responseis inferred from the context or environment. Consider a drivers' licensethat is watermarked with identification of the owner. If presented to anemail kiosk 12 at an airport, the decoded watermark may be used tolook-up an email account corresponding to that individual, and downloadnew mail. If the same drivers license is presented to a check-in kiosk,the decoded watermark may be used to look up that person's flightreservation and issue a seat assignment. In both cases the kiosks can beessentially identical. One, however, identifies itself to therouter/product handler as an email kiosk, the other as a check-in kiosk.The response undertaken by the router/product handler differsaccordingly.

Returning to the university example, there may be cases in whichstudents are tempted to swap photos on a student ID, e.g., to permit animposter to take a graduate school qualifying exam on behalf of aless-qualified student. In the usual case, such photo-swapping may bedifficult to detect. This problem can be combated by an exam check-inprocedure that includes having each student present their ID to a device12. An application 28 c specialized for this task can forward awatermark decoded from the ID photograph to a handler 16, which respondsby causing an image of the identified student to be displayed on device12. (The university could compile the requisite database of studentimages as it issues ID cards.) If the exam proctor sees an image on thedevice that does not match the image on the ID card, appropriate actionmay be taken. (This arrangement is applicable wherever photo IDdocuments are used, including airport check-in, customs, immigration,etc.)

Still another application of the illustrated system is to look-up, oract on, meta-data associated with a marked object. Consider an image,video, or audio file that a user downloads from the internet. Familiarapplications such as Microsoft's Windows Explorer (including InternetExplorer) may be configured with watermark decoders activated, e.g.,from a Properties panel (accessed, e.g., by right-clicking on the fileicon or name and selecting the “Properties” option). When a watermark isdetected in a file, the Explorer application can send a correspondingpacket to a remote system (e.g., the depicted router/producthandler/database). The remote system recognizes the packet asoriginating through the Properties panel of Windows Explorer, andlooks-up the watermark 1D in a database 17. Meta-data corresponding tothe file (e.g., proprietor, creation date, licensing terms, exposuredata, subject, etc.) is returned from database 17 (or from anotherdatabase identified by the router, handler, or database) to theapplication 28 c, and is displayed in the Properties panel (optionallyunder an appropriate “tab”).

(The present assignee has long offered a “MarcCentre” service thatserves as a clearinghouse through which watermark identifiers found inphotographs, etc., can be used to identify the proprietors andassociated information corresponding to such objects.) In embodiments ofthe present utilizing this service, the router 14 passes the request toMarcCentre server (a product handler in this instance), which providesthe solicited information back to the originating application. Thepresent assignee's MarcSpider service complements the service providedby the Media Commerce product. The MarcSpider service constantly scansInternet sites evaluating each graphic encountered to determine whetherit contains a watermark. (Audio and video can be similarly analyzed.)With each detected watermark, the MarcSpider service records the graphicfile name, size, format, date/time and URL where the graphic was found.This information is then made available to MarcSpider customers inreport form.)

Instead of simply displaying the meta-data, the application and/or theremote system can make use of it. For example, if the meta-dataindicates that the proprietor of a watermarked image is Corbis, and thatthe image can be licensed for a certain use under certain terms, theremote system can be utilized as a licensing server—receiving paymentinformation from the user, granting the license, and forwardingtransaction details to Corbis.

Still another application is the sale or promotion of music or videoover the internet. Taking the case of music, an artist may freelydistribute a low-fidelity (or otherwise corrupted or abridged) versionof a song. The low fidelity can be by reason of bandwidth limitation(e.g., 500 Hz-2.5 KHz), monophonic (as opposed to stereo), or otherwise.The artist can seek to distribute the low-fidelity version as widely aspossible, to serve as a marketing agent for the artist's other works.(The free distribution of lower-bandwidth audio may serve to alleviatesome of the network bandwidth problems faced by universities whosestudents actively engage in transferring free music over the internet)Each low-fidelity version can be processed to extract an identifier(e.g., a steganographic in-band watermark; a numeric ID or song/artistname field in a in a file header, a 128-bit hash value obtained byapplying a hashing algorithm to the music data, the music file headerdata, a portion thereof, etc.) If a listener is interested in obtaininga full-fidelity version of the work, the listener can operate a suitablyprogrammed computer or music appliance that extracts the identifier fromthe work and passes it on to the remote system. The remote system canrespond in various ways, e.g., by providing a full-fidelity version ofthe same work back to the user (such as MP3 download) and charge theuser's credit card a fee (e.g., $0.99); or by directing a web browser onthe user's computer to an e-commerce/fan web site associated with themusic, etc. Such functionality can be provided in general purposeprograms such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, e.g., by right-clickingon a file to obtain a menu that includes this and related functions.

FIGS. 8-10 show a sequence of screen shots from such an embodiment. InFIG. 8, a user has right-clicked on an MP3 file icon in a directorylisting 200. A property menu 202 pops up that includes, as its secondoption “MP3 Bridge.”

FIG. 9 shows what happens when the user selects the MP3 Bridge option.An MP3 player 204 is launched, and a dialog box 206 appears. The dialogbox queries the user, “More Information About the Artist? Yes No.”

FIG. 10 shows what happens if the user selects “Yes.” The software sendsthe identifier—extracted from the MP3 file—to the remote system. Theremote system responds with the address of an associated web page, andinstruct the user's computer to launch a new browser window directed tothat page.

The same functionality can naturally be invoked through the userinterface of the MP3 player (or a Windows MediaPlayer, etc., rather thanthrough Internet Explorer). The music application can spawn a separatewindow, or present the options and the associated data within theexisting window.

Yet another application of the remote system is as a “net nanny” filter.Links requested through the system can be checked for keywords,adult-content flags, content ratings, or other indicia ofage-suitability, and provided to the requesting computer 10 only if theymeet certain earlier selected criteria.

Again, it will be appreciated that the foregoing examples are but a fewof myriad applications enabled by the detailed system.

Reporting

System software may enable the provision of customer-accessible reports(accessible over the internet) that show detailed and summary usageinformation by date, customer, publication, issue date, region,product/version, etc. These reports can be both regularly scheduled andad-hoc. The specification of the content, relationships and the timingof the reports can be defined by the customer on-line.

Illustrative reports detail:

a) Hit rates/Transactions per customer per ad

b) Hit rates/Transactions per customer per publication per ad

c) Hit rates/Transactions per customer per publication per issue per ad

d) Hit rates/Transactions per customer per publication per issue perregion per ad

e) Hit rates/Transactions rates by originating application (28 c)

f) Hit rates/Transactions by originating application vendor

g) Hit rates/Transactions rates by originating web domain (e.g.,aol.com)

h) Hit rates/Transactions rates by postal/zip codes

i) Hit rates/Transactions by country

Additional marketing/marketplace reporting can also be produced forinternal analysis by the service provider, and for sale to otherentities. These reports typically provide a more global view of theimpact and usage of the system. Using information stored in ademographic database, in conjunction with these usage patterns, thesystem can provide customers and research agencies with more detaileddemographic/statistical data on the system's usage and effectiveness.

In an illustrative system, certain statistics in the demographicdatabase are compiled using statistics from a sample of users thatconsent to have their activities tracked in some detail, inconsideration for certain perks (e.g., give-away cameras, bar-codescanning pens, or other devices, etc.). These users are termedDemographic Households. A software program included in the systemssolicits information detailed in the following table from such usersover the internet, with a web-enabled interface. A related programallows such users to update/edit their user/household informationpreviously entered. Each such session is password authenticated forsecurity.

User Information Comments Name Address Street City State Country PostalCode Phone number E-mail address Household Annual Income Provided as raw$ or as a selec- tion from a range of numbers Occupation Education Maybe per member of household. Profession If applicable Number of membersof household Member of household Age Sex Internet user? User of thislinking service? Internet usage per week In hours. Sum of entirehousehold Internet business usage per week Primary Internet usage?Typical household use of the Internet. May be a selection list Owned acomputer since? Year only Number of computers in the home? Types ofcomputers in the home? Mac, PC, etc. Select all that apply Rooms wherethe computers are Home office, bedroom, etc. located Select all thatapply What ISP do you use? What is your modem speed? Select from listthat includes ISDN, ADSL, cable + dial up modems. Are you willing to bean official “Demographic Household” and allow us to contact you forfeedback on our products and advice on new products? What othertechnology devices do you Scanners, PC cameras, digital have in yourhousehold? cameras, DVD, PDAs, etc. Select all that applyAudio and Video

As with paper advertisements, the illustrated system provides users ofweb-connected PCs or other appliances with methods of obtaininginformation, content, associated products, or associated services usingthe same principles as detailed above.

For example, an application 28 can “capture” music or other audio usinga recording device (note recorder, microphone connected to PC, MP3player, etc.). and analyze the captured audio to detect an embeddedwatermark. Once detected, the application passes some or all of thewatermark payload information, together with identification of theapplication and its vendor, to the router. The router forwards thepayload information to a handler corresponding to the application. Theresponse of the product handler varies with the context and nature ofthe data. For example, the handler may return the artist, title, track,album, web URL and purchasing information, to the user. Recorded newsand entertainment segments may include transcripts (audio, video and/ortext) of the segment along with other related web site information. Thehandler may simply cause the device 12 to launch a browser windowdirected to a music commerce web site where the music can be purchased.

Security

The system's basic security philosophy is to grant access to eachcustomer's information only to the users authorized by the customer. Tothis end, the system desirably should:

1. Create and maintain a list of authorized users (accounts).

2. Employ security methods to deny access to any unauthorized users.

3. Limit users to access only the objects they are authorized to access(typically, the objects belonging to that customer).

4. Report and record all unauthorized access attempts.

5. Maintain a log of all authorized user logins (sessions).

6. Provide the capability for the watermark registrant to grant accessrights to other accounts (such as ad agencies and pre-press houses).

7. Establish initial passwords for each account

8. Provide the capability for each authenticated user/account to changetheir password

9. Provide the capability to reset an authenticated user/account'spassword in the event the current password is lost.

10. Store all passwords as encrypted values (to prevent theft ofpasswords).

11. Provide the capability to restrict the creation, modification,deletion, and listing/viewing of account information to authorizedusers.

Audit Trail

Because of the financial implications of the system's activities, allchanges to any registration or customer data need to be recorded. Thisaudit trail provides the operator and its customers with an accurateaccounting for the current and previous states of the data.

The audit software desirably records the creation, modification, anddeletion of all registration and customer data. The audit software alsorecords the username, date/time of creation/modification/deletion ofrecords, and—for modifications—the before and after images of the datachanged.

Application-to-Product Handler Interface Definition

The basics of the interface between the application 28 c and the handler16 are (a) a flexible request and response package structure, and (b) adefined connection method based on industry standards. The illustratedmessaging employs the http and/or the https protocol to send and receivemessages among the system components. An overview is provided in FIG. 4.

Message Format

The message format is XML-compliant and is defined by the following XMLDTD—<!DOCTYPE list [<!ELEMENT Content (vendor, appl, prod)><!ELEMENT vendor(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT appl (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT prod (#PCDATA)>]>

The application 28 c appends its data to this header for transmission tothe product handler 16. Exemplary messages and product handler responsesare detailed in the sections that follow.

Application Message Definitions

The application message definitions can be broken down into RequestCode, Primary and Secondary information.

The Request Code instructs the product handler 16 to take a specifiedaction.

The Primary information portion contains the data required to properlyservice the application's request. The Primary Information varies basedon the Request Code.

The Secondary Information is intended for use by analysis and reportingtools and does not instruct nor aid the product handler in servicing theuser's request. Secondary Information contents change based on theRequest Code and not all Request Codes are required to have associatedSecondary Information. In addition, most of the Secondary Informationrequires the consumer to grant express consent to its collection. Ifthat consent is not given, the application does not send SecondaryInformation. A special case exists for selected, consenting consumers tobecome part of a demographic database.

Primary and Secondary information may change by request type, but ingeneral conform to the definitions below. The generic format for theproduct handler is also defined below.

Primary Information includes the Application Version, Watermark Type,Watermark Serial Number, Context and Environment.

-   -   Application Version: used by the product handler to modify its        actions, typically for backwards compatibility    -   Watermark Type: top 9 bits of the illustrative watermark        payload. Used by the product handler in processing the Watermark        Serial Number    -   Watermark Serial Number: remainder of the watermark payload.        Provides the index used by the product handler to access the        watermark in the registration database    -   Context: instructs the product handler to modify/refine its        action based on the consumer request's context    -   Environment: instructs the product handler to modify/refine its        action based on the consumer request's environment. (The        environment may be specified, e.g., as home, office, car,        portable appliance, etc.)

Other Request codes can, of course, be used. Each may have its own listof mandatory and optional Primary Information fields. Optional fieldsare excluded from the primary Information when there is no valueassociated.

Secondary Information:

-   Demographic Household ID: identifier for a selected demographic    group. This is used as an index to the actual demographic-   Input device: Manufacturer, model and version of the device used to    detect the watermark (e.g., a TWAIN driver string)-   Operating System: operating system in use on the consumer PC-   Processor: processor type/class on the consumer PC-   Processor speed: processor clock speed, in MHz, of the consumer PC.    (May be entered by user, or auto-detected.)-   Language: preferred consumer spoken language-   Country: Country where the consumer PC resides-   Postal Code: Consumer's postal code (used along with the country to    pinpoint the location of the consumer).    (In addition to these explicit data, the packet sent from the device    12 also conveys an IP address (inherent in the use of http    protocols) so that the remote device (e.g., the router/handler) has    an address to which it can respond.)    Response from Product Handler    -   RtnCode—Success=1    -   URL—the active URL for the watermark serial number received or    -   RtnCode—Error<0    -   Error Message—text.        Request for URL        Required Inputs

Header (XML format)

-   -   Vendor (e.g.,=Digimarc)    -   Appl (e.g.,=MB)

Data

Required Information—

-   -   Req=RFU    -   Ver=application version number    -   Type=watermark type number    -   Ser=watermark serial number    -   Cxt=context    -   Env=environment

Optional Information—

-   -   Ctry=User's Country name    -   Lang=User's preferred Language    -   HHID=Demographic Household Identifier    -   Det=TWAIN string of the sensing/detecting device    -   Os=User PC Operating System string    -   Proc=User PC processor type and class    -   Speed=User processor speed    -   Zip=User postal code

Example:

-   -   <?xml version=“1.0”?>    -   <Content>    -   <vendor>Digimarc</vendor>    -   <appl>MB</appl>    -   </Content>    -   Req=RFU    -   Type=1    -   Ser=10001    -   Ver=1.0    -   Cxt=A    -   Env=Q    -   Ctry=USA    -   Lang=English    -   HHID=1234567    -   Det=TWAIN string    -   OS=Win98    -   Proc=Pentium III    -   Speed=500    -   zip=74008-1234        Response from Product Handler    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Success=1)    -   URL=URL associated with specified watermark type and Serial        number    -   Exp=Expiration date/time (GMT) for caching purposes—format of        mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm:ss or    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Error<0)    -   MsgText=message text        Error Reasons:

1 Type and Serial Number OK, but no URL in database (both the primaryand default URL are missing)

2 Type and Serial Number OK, but URL is marked as inactive (neither theprimary nor the default is active)

3 No record in database matching the Type and Serial Number

4 Request format error—incomplete data

Request for Configuration

Required Inputs

Header (XML format)

-   -   Vendor (e.g.,=Digimarc)    -   Appl (e.g.,=MB)

Data

Required Information—

-   -   Req=RFC    -   OS=User PC Operating System

Example:

-   -   <?xml version=“1.0”?>    -   <Content>    -   <vendor>Digimarc</vendor>    -   <appl>MB</appl>    -   </Content>    -   Req=RFC    -   OS=Win98        Response from Product Handler    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Success=1)    -   Ver=Latest Application version# available for download    -   https=yes (or n)    -   GCURL=URL used to route subsequent Application requests or    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Error<0)    -   MsgText=message text        Error Reasons:    -   5 Unknown Operating System    -   4 Request format error—incomplete data        Request for Associated URLs

Required Inputs

Header (XML format)

-   -   Vendor=Digimarc    -   Appl=MB

Data

Required Information—

-   -   Req=RFA    -   Ver=application version number    -   Type=watermark type number    -   Ser=watermark serial number    -   Cxt=context    -   Env=environment

Example:

-   -   <?xml version=“1.0”?>    -   <Content>    -   <vendor>Digimarc</vendor>    -   <appl>MB</appl>    -   </Content>    -   Req=RFA    -   Type=1    -   Ser=10001    -   Ver=1.0        Response from Product Handler    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Success=1)    -   Ser1=watermark serial number    -   Type1=watermark type number    -   URL1=URL associated with specified watermark type and Serial        number    -   Exp1=Expiration date/time (GMT)    -   Ser2=watermark serial number    -   Type2=watermark type number    -   URL2=URL associated with specified watermark type and Serial        number    -   Exp2=Expiration date/time (GMT)    -   . . .    -   Ser‘n’=watermark serial number    -   Type‘n’=watermark type number    -   URL‘n’=URL associated with specified watermark type and Serial        number    -   Exp‘n’=Expiration date/time (GMT) or    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Error<0)    -   MsgText=message text        Error Reasons:    -   8 Type and Serial Number OK, but no associated watermarks or        URLs in database    -   9 Type and Serial Number OK, but all associated URLs are marked        as inactive    -   3 No record in database matching the Type and Serial Number    -   4 Request format error—incomplete data        Request for Transaction Download        (Needed to account for locally cached redirections. One request        per local redirection.)        Required Inputs

Header (XML Format)

-   -   Vendor=Digimarc    -   Appl=MB

Data

Required Information—

-   -   Req=RFT    -   Ver=application version number    -   Type=watermark type number    -   Ser=watermark serial number    -   Cxt=context    -   Env=environment

Optional Information

-   -   Ctry=User's Country name    -   Lang=User's preferred Language    -   HHID=Demographic Household Identifier    -   Det=TWAIN string of the sensor device    -   OS=User PC Operating System string    -   Proc=User PC processor type and class    -   Speed=User processor speed    -   Zip=User postal code

Example:

-   -   <?xml version=“1.0”?>    -   <Content>    -   <vendor>Digimarc</vendor>    -   <appl>MB</appl>    -   </Content>    -   Req=RFT    -   Type=1    -   Ser=10001    -   Ver=1.0    -   Cxt=A    -   Env=Q    -   Ctry=USA    -   Lang=English    -   HHID=1234567    -   Det=TWAIN string    -   OS=Win98    -   Proc=Pentium III    -   Speed=500    -   zip=74008-1234        Response from Product Handler    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Success=1) or    -   RtnCode=Success/Error number (Error<0)    -   MsgText=message text        Error Reasons:    -   4 Request format error—incomplete data

To provide the fastest possible system response, it is desirable thatdata exchanges between the originating device 12 and the remote systembe as short as possible—preferably of a size that can be transported ina single internet data packet (i.e., less than about 536 bits). Such anarrangement avoids the overhead associated with data division ontransmission, and data reassembly on reception.

Generally speaking, the combined elapsed time of the system service(i.e., watermark recognition by application 28 c, packet delivery torouter, decoding by router, handling by product handler, and return ofresponse to application) for a single request should average no morethan 3 seconds as measured from receipt of request to 1^(st) byte sentin response to request. Typical speeds are less than 2 seconds, withmany responses being provided in less than 1 second.

The immediately following discussion reviews much of the foregoing, butfrom a different priority case and with additional details.

The MediaBridge digital message is composed of two codes, both of whichare embedded in MediaBridge-enhanced images. The media owner code isassigned by the system administrator (e.g., Digimarc) and identifies theentity licensed to add MediaBridge enhancement to images. The routingcode is assigned by the media owner (advertisers, publishers,manufacturers, etc.) and determines where the end-user will be directedwhen the Client Application reads the MediaBridge codes. Two differentadvertisements embedded with the same codes can take the end-user to thesame web page, while the same advertisement in different publicationsusing different codes can go to different web pages and can be used totrack which advertisement or magazine is most effective in bringingend-users to the media owner's web site.

There are three major components of the MediaBridge system. The ClientApplication is used in homes and businesses by consumers (theMediaBridge end-users) to automatically navigate from an image or objectto additional information, usually on the Internet. The MediaBridgeRouter provides the Client Application with the appropriate Internetaddress for a given image or object. The Embedding System is used by themedia owners to embed the MediaBridge codes into images prior toprinting.

MediaBridge Client Application

The Client Application can be distributed via OEM relationships withtethered digital camera manufacturers such as Logitech, 3Com, CreativeLabs and others. It is installed by the end-user along with the cameradriver and supporting software from the camera manufacturer'sinstallation CD.

The MediaBridge Client Application may run on 200 MHz or faster Pentiumor PowerPC computers configured with a tethered video camera under theWindows 95/98/NT 4.0 and Macintosh OS 8.6 operating systems.

The MediaBridge Client Application is initially focused on usingMediaBridge-enhanced images to directly browse to additional informationon Internet web sites. Therefore, it requires a connection to theInternet, either through a dial-up modem or a permanent connection.However, the Client Application desirably has an extensible architecturethat also supports browsing to local data, e.g. on a CD, and linking toother applications.

The MediaBridge system can be used almost anywhere that a video cameracan show clear, focused, high-quality images. It operates under lightingconditions varying from dim (about 40 lux) to bright (3900 lux). In verydim light it works with the aid of a supplemental light source, and inbright glare it works if the pictures or objects are shielded from thelight source.

Operating the End-User Client Application

The first time the Client Application runs it desirably presents theuser with a wizard that teaches the best techniques for presentingMediaBridge-enabled images to the Client Application through the videocamera. The wizard is tuned for each camera and can use either thesample images or live production images.

Shipped on the installation disk (e.g., CD) can be one or more gamesthat teach users how to best use the Client Application—e.g., focusingthe camera, positioning the encoded object in the camera's focal region,holding the object stationary for the second or so needed for decoding,permissible lighting requirements, etc. The camera box, or insertsinside the box, can be MediaBridge encoded and can link through thebrowser to a corresponding introductory page hosted by the camera vendoror the system administrator. T-shirts or other prizes may be awardedthrough the web site, either on a random basis, or upon the showing ofproficiency in some aspect of MediaBridge operation.

In an illustrative configuration, the MediaBridge Client Application isalways running and is either active or inactive. When active, theMediaBridge video camera window is always on top of any other windowsand fully visible, and the Client Application is constantly checking thevideo for a MediaBridge-enhanced image. When a MediaBridge-enhancedimage is found, the appropriate information is displayed—most often as aweb page—and the Client Application optionally becomes inactive. Whenthe Client Application is inactive, it hides the video window, releasesthe camera so it is available for other applications, and uses verylittle memory or computer resources.

In one implementation, the Client treats the camera as a seriallyre-usable device. That is, when the Client Application is active andchecking the video, no other application can access the video camera.Similarly, the Client Application cannot access the video when anotherapplication is using the camera.

The MediaBridge Client Application may include the followingfunctionality:

-   1) Browser/Application Launch. When a MediaBridge-enhanced image is    found, the Client launches the user's web browser or another    application. When browsing to an Internet web site, the Client    provides the site with the identity of the image and the end-user's    zip code, if available. This information allows the media owner's    web site to display a localized web page to the user. When launching    another application, the Client provides the image owner code and    the routing code to the application.-   2) Destination menu. If multiple URLs are specified for a routing    code, the Client Application displays a browser-based menu that    allows the end-user to chose what page to display, rather than    directly navigating to a web page.-   3) Branding. While retrieving the information for displaying a web    page, the Client Application displays a local web page that with a    pre-stored brand (e.g., Digimarc) and explains that the desired    information is being retrieved. This branding page is replaced with    the media owner's page without causing any delay to the user. (The    contents of the branding page may be updated during Automatic    Software Update.)-   4) Flexible activation. When the Client Application is inactive, the    user can activate it by    -   a) Clicking on the application icon.    -   b) Pressing a hot-key combination.    -   c) Clicking on a tray icon. (Windows.)    -   d) Clicking a button on the browser toolbar.    -   e) Restoring the minimized MediaBridge Client video camera        window. (Windows.)-   5) Status display. While active, the Client Application provides    feedback to the user through the status display pane, which is    displayed in the video camera window, next to the view as seen from    the camera. The status includes feedback on the ambient lighting    conditions, the distance from the camera (if available,) focus, and    the current state (preparing to display the image-related    information, trying to read the image, or waiting for a    MediaBridge-enhanced image to be presented to the camera.)-   6) Multiple camera support. An illustrative MediaBridge Client    Application uses one camera at a time, but can use any    MediaBridge-enabled camera installed. If a computer only has one    camera, that camera is automatically selected. If more than one    camera, the user can select which camera will be used and can change    the selection while the Client is running.-   7) Automatic Software Update. The user can automatically install    updates to the Client Application by making a simple menu choice.    The Client connects to the Internet, and downloads and installs any    available updates. In addition, the Client will suggest checking for    updates if it finds a MediaBridge-enhanced image that uses a newer    protocol (e.g., by reference to a version indicia encoded with the    MediaBridge data).-   8) User option configuration. Nearly everything in the Client    Application can be configured by the user.    -   a) Automatically starting the Client whenever the computer        starts. (Default)    -   b) Activation by hot key.    -   c) The display of an activation icon on the system tray.        (Windows.)    -   d) Adding a button to the Internet web browser. (Internet        Explorer 4 or later, and Netscape 4 or later.)    -   e) Selection of the last camera used on startup when multiple        cameras are installed.    -   f) Reminder to check for software updates periodically.    -   g) Running the Wizard at startup. (Default)    -   h) Automatic deactivation when a MediaBridge-enhanced image is        read.    -   i) Automatic deactivation if nothing is presented to the camera        for a specified period.    -   j) Beep or play sound file upon reading a MediaBridge-enhanced        image.    -   k) Blocking of sites based upon RSACI ratings. Each media owner        is expected to self-rate its site using the RSACi scale for the        categories of language, nudity, sex and violence. The Router        blocks the end-user from a site if the RSACi rating for any        category exceeds what the end-user allows. (The Router relies        solely on the media owners' self-ratings and does not actually        check web pages for RSACi codes.) Selecting this option also        results in the display of information about RSACi        (http://www.rsac.org/ratingsv01.html) regarding restricting        content within the web browser.    -   l) Automatic connection to the Internet over an existing dial-up        (modem) connection.    -   m) Password protection upon startup.    -   n) User registration information. (The user is informed that all        information is optional and that specific items will be provided        to third parties if provided.)    -   o) The end-user zip code, which the user is not required to        provide, is used as a basic piece of demographic information        passed along to media owners if it is voluntarily provided by        the end-user.-   9) Wizard. This wizard provides guidance in setting up a particular    camera to obtain the best results with MediaBridge and the best    techniques for using MediaBridge as a portal to more information. By    default the wizard runs each time the Client Application is started.    It also runs the first time a new camera is selected by the user.-   10) Camera verification. When a new camera is selected as the    MediaBridge Client input, the Client verifies that the camera is    MediaBridge-enabled. If it is not, the user is warned that the    camera is not supported and that it may not work correctly with the    Client Application.-   11) Extensible architecture. The MediaBridge Client handles reading    MediaBridge-enhanced images and connecting to the desired    information, usually by displaying Internet or local web pages in a    browser window. Its functionality can be extended by    MediaBridge-enabled applications that register for the handling of    specific data. For example, if a MediaBridge-enhanced business card    were presented, the MediaBridge Client could run a    MediaBridge-enabled application that downloads business card    information from a web site and updates the user's contact list with    the new information. Another example would be a page from a    MediaBridge-enhanced children's book that causes an audio file to be    played for the page.-   12) Embedding support. If the Client Application is being used by a    media owner to verify that an image has had the correct MediaBridge    codes embedded in it, the Client displays the name of the media    owner, the muting information and the relative strength of the    MediaBridge watermark when a MediaBridge image is read. In order to    protect the privacy of each media owner, this information is only    provided if the user is able to provide a valid embedding user name    and password for the media owner.    MediaBridge Router    The Router is essentially transparent to the end-user. When the    Client Application detects a MediaBridge-enhanced image linked to    information on the Internet, it communicates with the Router to    obtain the Internet addressing information of the web page to be    displayed.    The Router also includes the following functionality:-   1) Routing information maintenance. Contained within the Router is    information linking each unique MediaBridge code to one or more    related Internet addresses. In one implementation, the system    administrator (e.g., Digimarc) maintains the routing information    using information supplied by its advertising customers. In another    implementation, the media owners update the information themselves    using a secure Internet connection with the Router.-   2) Problem handling. If a routing request cannot be satisfied, the    Router responds in a way that minimizes the impact on the end-user.    For example if the MediaBridge code is unknown, then the Client    Application is given the URL for the media owner's home page. In    addition, each day the error occurs the Router notifies the media    owner by email that the error occurred.-   3) Content rating. If the media owner has provided RSACi rating    information for the image or its site, and the end-user has    specified RSACi ratings that specify that the site is to be blocked,    the Router returns a web page to the user indicating that the site    contains inappropriate content and does not connect to the media    owner site.-   4) Validation. Periodically (e.g., on a daily basis) the Router    validates all of the active information in its database. If any    errors are found, the media owners are notified by email. If the    errors are not fixed with one day, Digimarc is notified. The    conditions checked are:    -   a) Missing URLs on active links.    -   b) URLs referring to non-existing pages.    -   c) Pages that exceed the acceptable download time as required by        Digimarc.-   5) Tracking. The Router may log Client Application requests in order    to develop marketing information. Such a tracking log could include:    -   a) Date and time of the request.    -   b) Media owner and image.    -   c) Zip code of the end-user, if provided.    -   d) IP address that issued the request.-   6) Reporting. Using the tracking information, the Router provides    the following reports for use by Digimarc:    -   a) Number of URL requests for a particular date range.    -   b) Number of URL requests by media owner for a particular date        range.    -   c) Number of URL requests by MediaBridge-enhanced image for a        particular date range.

(The tracking and reporting are desirably structured to allow mediaowners to obtain traffic and marketing reports online from the Router.)

MediaBridge Embedding System

The Embedding System includes:

-   -   a Photoshop-compatible Embedder Plug-in for embedding the        MediaBridge codes,    -   a Photoshop-compatible Reader Plug-in for verifying        MediaBridge-enhanced digital images,    -   the Client Application for verifying MediaBridge-enhanced proof        and press prints, and    -   an Internet-based Router Maintenance Application for obtaining        MediaBridge codes and assigning URLs to MediaBridge codes.

The Plug-ins require a connection to the Internet only for authorizationand to assign new MediaBridge routing codes. The Router MaintenanceApplication always requires an Internet connection.

Router Maintenance Application

The Router Maintenance Application's primary purpose is to assignrouting information to the MediaBridge codes so that an end-user ispresented with the appropriate web page when the Client Applicationreads an image.

The Router Maintenance Application includes the following functionality:

-   1) Multiple locations. A single media owner account can be accessed    by different people in different locations. It can also be accessed    by people in different organizations such as by an advertiser and    its advertising agency.-   2) Restricted Access. Each media owner has the ability to restrict    who can access the Router information and can specify who can create    new MediaBridge codes, use existing MediaBridge codes, or change the    information for routing codes. The media owner can add, change or    revoke access at any time.-   3) Secure access. All Internet access to the Router is through    secure connections.-   4) Routing Codes. The assignment of new routing codes, changing    existing routing and deleting or reusing old routing codes.-   5) Time-based routing. Each routing code can be assigned multiple    URLs, each of which can optionally have an effective date and an    expiration date that determines when it is to be used in routing.    Expired URLs may automatically be deleted by the router after thirty    days.-   6) Multiple routing. If multiple URLs are specified for a routing    code, the Router returns to the end-user a browser-based menu that    allows the end-user to chose what page to display, rather than    directly navigating to a web page. In one embodiment, a single    routing code may have up to four unexpired URLS. Each URL can have a    short description that will be a browser link to the URL, a long    description of up to 500 characters, and a URL to an icon to be    displayed in the menu. The icon can be no larger than 50 pixels high    by 300 pixels wide.-   7) Logging. All changes to the routing information are logged and    may be reviewed by the media owner.    Plug-In Overview

The first time embedding is done on a computer for a media owner, theEmbedder requires the account number for the media owner, and a validuser name and password as defined by the media owner. The Embedderconnects via the Internet to the Router, verifies that the user isauthorized, and downloads information about the media owner. Furtherembedding for that media owner can be performed without connecting tothe Router. However, each time the user connects to the Router to obtainrouting information for embedding, the Router validates the user nameand password against the currently valid names and passwords. If thepreviously used name and password are no longer valid, the user has toprovide a valid name and password in order to continue embedding for themedia owner.

The media owner account number is only needed for the initialauthorization since any future verification is done using the name ofthe media owner as maintained by the Embedder. Since a graphics artistat an advertising agency can work on projects for two or more mediaowners, a single graphics artist may have different user names andpasswords for each media owner.

The Reader Plug-in is used primarily for verification of images afterembedding. It restricts access in the same way as the Embedder Plug-inwith the additional restriction that it will provide information aboutan image only if the user can provide a valid user name and password forthe media owner. If the media owner information is not available on thecurrent computer, the Reader will connect to the Router forverification.

The plug-ins share this functionality:

-   1) Multiple media owners. A user can perform embedding or reading    for multiple media owners. The user must have a valid user name and    password for each media owner.-   2) Multiple users. A single computer can be used by several people.    Unless they are using the same user name and password, they do not    share information.-   3) Automatic Software Update. The user can automatically install    updates to the plug-ins by making a simple menu choice. The plug-ins    connect to the Internet, and download and install any available    updates.-   4) Secure access. All Internet access is through secure connections.    Embedder Plug-in    The Embedder Plug-in also includes the following functionality:-   1. Routing codes assignment. The user selects a routing code to    embed from a list of existing codes provided by the Router via an    Internet connection. Each routing code is identified by a unique    routing number and description Once selected through the Router the    information about a routing code is retained on the local computer    until removed by the user.-   2. New routing codes. If authorized, the user can connect to the    Router through the Embedder to create a new routing code. The    routing code can be created with or without the URL information,    which can be added later.-   3. Routing code updates. Whenever the Embedder connects to the    Router, it downloads any updates that were made to routing codes    being cached locally.-   4. Masked embedding. The user can mask off a part of the image so    that the MediaBridge codes are only embedded in the masked area. In    one embodiment, different codes are applied in different mask areas.    Typically, the user cannot embed different MediaBridge codes in the    same part of an image.-   5. Variable intensity. The user can globally vary the intensity (and    thus visibility) of the MediaBridge watermark from light to very    heavy, and can also locally vary the intensity in different areas of    an image (i.e., the intensity is adapted to local image    characteristics).-   6. Logging. Each time the user embeds in an image, the Embedder    records a log of the date, time, information embedded, the embedding    settings (e.g., intensity), the user name, the computer name, and    the name of the input image file. The log is a text file on each    user's computer. It can be viewed in any text editor.    Reader Plug-in    The Reader Plug-in also includes the following functionality:-   1) Reading. Reads a digital image, which may have been scanned, and,    if the user is authorized, displays the media owner, routing    information and a measure of the strength of the MediaBridge    watermark.-   2) Masked reading. The user can mask off part of the image and read    the MediaBridge information only from that part.    Part III    Inventive Combinations

In addition to the inventive aspects detailed earlier, some of theinventive combinations claimed in the priority cases include thefollowing:

A1. A method comprising:

presenting a business card of an individual to an optical sensor, theoptical sensor producing output data;

decoding steganographically-encoded plural-bit data from the sensoroutput data; and

using said plural-bit data to establish a link to an internet addresshaving data relating to the proprietor of said business card.

A2. The method of claim A1 which includes obtaining from said internetsite calendar data detailing certain activities of the individual.

A3. The method of claim A2 in which the amount of calendar data obtaineddepends on an authorization level.

A4. The method of claim A3 in which the authorization level is reflectedin the plural-bit data encoded in the individual's business card,wherein an individual can distribute differently-encoded cards todifferent recipients, to grant the recipients different access rights tosaid calendar data.

A5. The method of claim A1 in which the optical sensor is a businesscard reader that also serves to input textual information from businesscards into a personal information manager.

A6. The method of claim AS which includes storing an internet addressdiscerned from the steganographically-encoded plural-bit data into saidpersonal information manager.

A7. The method of claim A1 in which the optical sensor is a digitalcamera.

A8. The method of claim A7 in which the digital camera is mounted to acomputer display device.

A9. The method of claim A7 in which the digital camera is head-mountedon a user thereof

A10. A method comprising:

presenting a printed promotion to an optical sensor at a first site, theoptical sensor producing output data;

decoding steganographically-encoded plural-bit data from the sensoroutput data;

using said data to establish a link to an internet site relating to acompany, product, or service promoted by said printed promotion; and

transferring to from the internet site to the first site additionalinformation relating to said company, product, or service.

A11. A method comprising:

presenting a printed identification badge to an optical sensor, theoptical sensor producing output data corresponding to opticalcharacteristics of the face of said badge;

decoding steganographically-encoded plural-bit data from the sensoroutput data;

checking the plural-bit data to determine whether it corresponds to avalid access card; and

unlocking a lock depending on the outcome of the foregoing checkingoperation.

B1. A method comprising:

presenting a digitally encoded object to an optical sensor, the opticalsensor producing output data;

decoding plural-bit data from the sensor output data; and

using said plural-bit data to establish a link to an internet addresshaving data relating to said object.

B2. The method of claim B1 in which the object is steganographicallyencoded with said plural-bit data.

B5. An apparatus comprising

a refrigerator;

an optical sensor associated with the refrigerator, the sensor beingadapted to provide image data corresponding to an object held in frontof the sensor; and

an image processor for processing the image data and extractingplural-bit binary data therein;

wherein the apparatus is useful for compiling a listing of groceries.

B6. In a method of operating a computer, the computer including anoperating system with a registry database, the registry databaseassociating specific data types with specific software programsparticularly corresponding thereto, an improvement comprising:

providing a frame of image data;

decoding plural-bit identifier data from the image data;

consulting the registry database to identify a software programcorresponding to said identifier data; and

invoking the identified software program.

B7. The method of claim B6 which includes:

steganographically decoding plural fields of data from the image data,one of said fields comprising the identifier data; and

providing another of said fields of data to the identified softwareprogram for use thereby.

B8. A system for responding to an object encoded to convey plural-bitauxiliary data, the system including:

an optical capture device that produces image data corresponding to afield of view, the field of view including visual clutter as well as theobject;

a visual clue-based subsystem for identifying the object from the visualclutter in the image data; and

a processor for extracting the plural-bit auxiliary data from the objectas identified by said subsystem and for applying the extracted auxiliarydata to a response system.

B9. The system of claim B8 in which the visual clue-based subsystemidentifies the object from the visual clutter by reference to a spectralattribute.

B10. The system of claim B8 in which the object includes aretro-reflective member, and the system includes a source ofillumination of spectral character that is reflected off theretro-reflective member and detected by the optical capture device.

B11. The system of claim B8 in which the visual clue-based subsystemidentifies the object from the visual clutter by reference to a temporalattribute.

B14. A method of producing an object customized to authorize a person'sentry to a first location, comprising:

providing the person an access code;

generating printable data in which the access code is steganographicallyencoded; and

using a printer at a second location remote from the first location toprint said printable data.

B15. The method of claim B14 in which the access code is provided to theperson via a networked computer, and the first location is a theater.

B16. A printer responsive to commands from printer driver software, theprinter driver software being characterized by being responsive to twotypes of input data, one of said types comprising text data, the otherof said types comprising watermark data, the two types being separatelyapplied to the printer driver software, rather than integrated togetherprior to application to the printer driver software.

B17. In a method of producing printed output using a computer, theprinted output comprising text, the computer including software, thesoftware presenting a print dialog box in response to user control, animprovement wherein the print dialog box has a graphical user interfacepermitting the user to select steganographic encoding of the printedoutput.

B18. A method of printing magazines, comprising:

processing blank pages to steganographically encode plural bit datathereon;

thereafter, printing text and/or imagery on the processed pages to yieldsteganographically-encoded printed magazine pages; and

binding at least one of said steganographically-encoded printed magazinepages into each of plural magazines.

B19. A method of travel promotion, comprising:

steganographically encoding a travel photograph to hide plural-bit datatherein;

processing the travel photograph to extract the plural-bit datatherefrom;

using at least part of the extracted plural-bit data to direct aninternet web browser to a web site that provides travel informationuseful to a consumer who wishes to visit the location depicted in thephotograph.

B21. A gestural method for providing input to a system, comprising:

holding an object in the hand of a user, positioning the object to be atleast partially within the field of view of an optical scanning device,and manually moving said object;

with the scanning device, grabbing frames of image data plural times persecond;

processing the frames of image data to identify the object asrepresented therein;

analyzing the representation of the object in the frames of image datato detect change over time in at least one parameter selected from thelist consisting of: rotation state, scale state, differential scalestate, and X-Y offset; and

controlling some aspect of the system in accordance with said detectedchange.

B22. The method of claim B21 in which:

the object is digitally-encoded;

the method includes decoding plural-bit digital data from the object;and

the system is responsive to at least some of said decoded digital data.

B23. The method of claim B21 in which the system responds to at leastsome of said decoded digital data by setting a level of sophisticationof the system-user interaction accordingly.

B24. The method of claim B21 which includes analyzing the representationof the object in the frames of image data to detect change over time inrotation state, and controlling some aspect of the system in accordancewith said detected change.

B25. The method of claim B21 which includes analyzing the representationof the object in the frames of image data to detect change over time inscale state, and controlling some aspect of the system in accordancewith said detected change.

B26. The method of claim B21 which includes analyzing the representationof the object in the frames of image data to detect change over time indifferential scale state, and controlling some aspect of the system inaccordance with said detected change.

B27. The method of claim B21 which includes analyzing the representationof the object in the frames of image data to detect change over time inX-Y offset, and controlling some aspect of the system in accordance withsaid detected change.

B28. The method of claim B21 which includes analyzing the representationof the object in the frames of image data to detect a first change overtime in one of said parameters, and thereafter to detect a second changeover time in one of said parameters, and controlling some aspect of thesystem in accordance with said detected changes.

B29. The method of claim B21 in which the first and second changes bothrelate to the same parameter.

B30. In a method of operating a telephone-like appliance thatestablishes a voice circuit between a caller and a recipient, animprovement comprising: presenting to an optical sensor a substratehaving indicia thereon, imaging a field of view that includes at leastpart of the substrate and producing image data corresponding thereto,steganographically decoding plural-bit digital data from the image data,and establishing the voice circuit in accordance with at least some ofsaid plural-bit digital data.

B31. The method of claim B30 in which the indicia comprises aphotographic image depicting the recipient.

B32. A method comprising:

positioning an identity object to be at least partially within the fieldof view of an optical scanning device, the identity object beingselected from the list consisting of: a driver's license, a governmentidentity document, a bank card, and an item of signet jewelry;

with the scanning device, grabbing a frame of image data;

processing the image data to steganographically decode plural-bit datatherefrom; and

providing at least some of said steganographically decoded data to acomputer system.

B33. The method of claim B32 that further includes obtaining email datafrom an email account corresponding to a person identified by theidentity object, and providing same to a user of the computer system.

B34. An email data terminal for use in public places, the terminalincluding an input and an output, the output providing email data tousers thereof, an improvement wherein the input includes an opticalscanning device for generating scan data corresponding to an identityobject, the identity object being selected from the list consisting of:a driver's license, a government identity document, and bank card.

B35. A promotional method comprising:

presenting an object within the field of view of an optical sensordevice, the object being selected from the list consisting of a retailproduct, or packaging for a retail product;

acquiring optical data corresponding to the object;

decoding plural-bit digital data from the optical data;

submitting at least some of said decoded data to a remote computer; and

determining at the remote computer whether a prize should be awarded inresponse to submission of said decoded data.

B36. A method of tailoring the desktop of a first computer to conform toa user's preferences, comprising:

presenting an identity object to an optical sensor associated with thefirst computer;

analyzing image data produced from the optical sensor to decodeplural-bit data therefrom; and

tailoring the computer desktop in accordance with said decoded data.

B37. The method of claim B36 that further includes:

using at least part of said decoded data in communicating from saidfirst computer to a remote computer, the remote computer having profiledata stored thereon relating to the user's preferred desktoparrangement;

transferring said profile data from the remote computer to the firstcomputer; and

arranging the desktop on the first computer in accordance with saidprofile data.

B38. A method comprising:

purchasing a product or service from a first vendor;

receiving evidence of the purchase;

presenting the evidence to an optical scanning device to produce imagedata;

decoding plural-bit data from the image data;

employing said decoded plural-bit data to derive value from a secondvendor unrelated to the first.

B39. The method of claim B38 in which the value is the provision of afree, or discounted, product or service from the second vendor.

B40. A method comprising:

presenting a travel document to an optical scanning device, the traveldocument having plural-bit data encoded thereon, the optical scanningdevice providing image data corresponding thereto;

discerning the plural-bit data from the image data; and

based on said plural-bit data, establishing a link to a remote computer,and employing said computer to alter travel plans.

B41. A communications method comprising:

presenting a business card to an optical sensor, the optical sensorproducing image data, the business card corresponding to a person;

discerning from the image data plural-bit digital information;

using said discerned digital information to access a remote data store;

obtaining from the data store updated contact information for theperson; and

establishing communication with the person using said updated contactinformation;

wherein the contact information at the remote data store is updatedduring the day as the person's activities make different contactinformation appropriate at different times.

B42. The method of claim B41 in which the plural-bit digital informationis steganographically encoded on the business card.

B44. A method comprising:

presenting a physical object within the field of view of an opticalsensor associated with a first computer, the optical sensor providingimage data;

decoding plural-bit digital data from the representation of the physicalobject within said image data;

using a first part of said plural-bit digital data to establish a linkbetween the first computer and a remote computer;

presenting a second part of said plural-bit digital data to the remotecomputer; and

providing information from the remote computer to the first computer,said information corresponding to said physical object.

B45. The method of claim B44 which includes using the first part of saidplural-bit digital data to traverse a network of plural server computersto thereby identify the remote computer.

B46. The method of claim B44 in which the object is a business cardrelating to a person, and the information provided from the remotecomputer includes contact information relating to said person.

B47. A method comprising:

steganographically encoding a print advertisement with auxiliary data;

publishing said advertisement;

charging a fee for said publishing to an advertiser;

providing technology by which the steganographic encoding can beexploited to provide enhanced value to the advertiser; and

sharing a portion of said fee with a provider of said technology.

B48. A method comprising:

steganographically embedding a plural-bit digital identifier in aphotograph;

storing an annotation in a database in association with said identifier;

presenting the photograph to an optical sensor, the optical sensorproviding image data

decoding the identifier from the image data;

using the decoded identifier to access the annotation stored in thedatabase; and

presenting the accessed annotation.

B49. A method of navigating the internet comprising:

linking to an internet address using a computer, and presentinginformation to a user of the computer from said address;

presenting an object to an optical sensor associated with the computer,the sensor producing image data corresponding to a field of view;

physically manipulating the object within said field of view;

discerning the manipulation of the object from the image data andproducing output data corresponding thereto; and

changing the internet address in accordance with said output data, tothereby change the information presented to the user.

B50. A note pad comprising several sheets removably joined to each otherat one edge by adhesive, characterized in that each sheet is encodedwith plural-bit digital data.

B51. The note pad of claim B50 in which each sheet is steganographicallyencoded with plural-bit digital data.

B52. The note pad of claim B50 in which each sheet is encoded with thesame plural-bit digital data as other sheets in the pad.

B53. A method comprising:

presenting an object to an optical sensor, the optical sensor producingimage data, the object being steganographically encoded with plural bitsof digital data;

decoding said digital data from the image data; and

in response to said digital data, storing image data from said sensordepicting the object.

B54. The method of claim B53 in which the object is a sheet of paper andthe method includes capturing several frames of image data from theoptical sensor;

identifying one of said frames as having a suitable representation ofthe object;

masking image data corresponding to the sheet from other image data inthe identified frame;

processing the image data corresponding to the sheet to change ageometrical attribute thereof;

discerning the size and color of the sheet from certain of said digitaldata decoded therefrom; and

storing the masked, processed image data corresponding to the sheet inassociation with data indicating the date and time at which the imagewas stored, together with the size and color of the sheet.

B55. A method comprising:

presenting an object to an optical sensor, the optical sensor producingimage data, the object being steganographically encoded with plural bitsof digital data;

decoding said digital data from the image data; and

in response to said digital data, displaying an image of a like object.

B56. The method of claim B55 in which the object is a sheet of paper,and the method includes displaying images of plural sheets of paperearlier stored, in a display order corresponding to the temporal orderin which they were earlier stored.

B57. In a computer operating system, a software module responsive tosuccessive frames of two-dimensional image data to extract gesture datatherefrom, the gesture data including at least two data from the listconsisting of: X-Y position data, rotation state, scale state, anddifferential scale state.

C1. A communications method comprising:

presenting a business card to an optical sensor, the optical sensorproducing image data, the business card corresponding to a person;

discerning from the image data plural-bit digital information;

using said discerned digital information to access a remote data store;

obtaining from the data store updated contact information for theperson; and

establishing communication with the person using said updated contactinformation;

wherein the contact information at the remote data store is updatedduring the day as the person's activities make different contactinformation appropriate at different times.

C2. The method of claim C1 in which the plural-bit digital informationis steganographically encoded on the business card.

C3. A method comprising:

presenting a physical object within the field of view of an opticalsensor associated with a first computer, the optical sensor providingimage data;

decoding plural-bit digital data from the representation of the physicalobject within said image data;

using a first part of said plural-bit digital data to establish a linkbetween the first computer and a remote computer;

presenting a second part of said plural-bit digital data to the remotecomputer; and

providing information from the remote computer to the first computer,said information corresponding to said physical object.

C4. The method of claim C3 which includes using the first part of saidplural-bit digital data to traverse a network of plural server computersto thereby identify the remote computer.

C5. The method of claim C3 in which the object is a business cardrelating to a person, and the information provided from the remotecomputer includes contact information relating to said person.

D1. A method comprising:

presenting a digitally encoded object to an optical sensor, the opticalsensor producing output data;

decoding plural-bit data from the sensor output data; and

using said plural-bit data to establish a link to an internet addresshaving data relating to said object.

D2. The method of claim D1 in which the object is steganographicallyencoded with said plural-bit data.

E1. A promotional method comprising:

steganographically encoding a print advertisement to hide plural-bitdata therein;

processing the print advertisement to extract the plural-bit datatherefrom;

using at least a part of the extracted plural-bit data to direct aninternet web browser to a web site that provides consumer informationrelated to a product or service promoted by the print advertisement.

E2. A method of determining consumer response to print advertising,comprising:

steganographically encoding a first print advertisement with first data;

steganographically encoding a second print advertisement with seconddata;

decoding the first and second data when consumers present the first andsecond advertisements to an optical sensor; and

tallying the number of decoded first and second data, respectively, todetermine consumer response to the advertisements.

E4. A method of travel promotion, comprising:

steganographically encoding a travel photograph to hide plural-bit datatherein;

processing the travel photograph to extract the plural-bit datatherefrom;

using at least part of the extracted plural-bit data to direct aninternet web browser to a web site that provides travel informationuseful to a consumer who wishes to visit the location depicted in thephotograph.

F1. In a mouse having X- and Y-position encoders, and circuitryresponsive thereto for generating X- and Y-movement data and providingsame to an associated computer, an improvement comprising an opticalsensor disposed in said mouse, and circuitry responsive thereto forproducing grey-scale optical image data and for providing same to theassociated computer, wherein the mouse serves both as a positioningdevice and as an optical input device.

F2. A semiconductor comprising:

a substrate having formed thereon:

a two dimensional image sensor for producing sensor signals;

first circuitry responsive to said sensor signals for producing imagedata corresponding thereto, and for providing said image data to animage data output of said semiconductor;

second circuitry responsive to said sensor signals or to said image datafor steganographically decoding plural-bit digital data therefrom, andfor providing same to a steganographic decoder output of saidsemiconductor.

F3. In a method of operating a computer system that includes an internetweb browser, an improvement comprising:

providing a peripheral device having a sensor;

positioning the peripheral device adjacent a first object to direct theweb browser to a first address; and

positioning the peripheral device adjacent a second object to direct theweb browser to a second address.

G1. A peripheral device for a computer system comprising:

a housing adapted to fit within a user's palm and slide over a medium;

an optical sensor having plural sensing elements and producing imagesignals;

a lens for imaging the medium onto the sensor,

circuitry coupled to the sensor and disposed within the housing forprocessing the signals from the sensor and formatting same as frames ofoutput data; and

transfer means for relaying the output data from the peripheral deviceto the computer system.

G2. The device of claim G1 in which the transfer means is a cable.

G3. The device of claim G1 in which the transfer means is a wirelesslink.

G4. The device of claim G1 in which the circuitry decodes plural bitbinary data that is steganographically encoded within image sensed bythe sensor, and the transfer means relays the decoded data to thecomputer system.

G5. An electronic commerce method comprising:

providing a printed catalog that includes an image of an article offeredfor sale by a merchant, wherein the image is steganographically encodedwith plural-bit binary data;

optically sensing the image to produce image data corresponding thereto;

decoding the steganographically encoded data from the image data; and

electronically ordering the article from the merchant by use of saiddecoded data, wherein said ordering makes use of earlier-stored customerprofile information.

G6. The method of claim G5 in which the customer profile informationincludes clothing size data.

G7. The method of claim G6, further comprising:

processing the decoded data for transmission to a remote merchantcomputer, said processing including supplementing the decoded data withsupplemental data corresponding to the customer;

transmitting the processed data to the remote merchant computer;

receiving first order data from the remote merchant computer, responsiveto the transmitted processed data;

presenting the first order data to the customer;

receiving from the user further input selecting among options includedin the first order data; and

transmitting said further input to the remote merchant computer.

G8. The method of claim G7 in which the supplemental data includes thecustomer profile. information.

G9. The method of claim G7 in which the supplemental data includes dataidentifying the customer.

G10. An access control device comprising:

a badge;

a photograph on the badge;

the photograph having plural-bit auxiliary data hidden therein, saidauxiliary data corresponding to an authorized bearer of the badge;

the badge further including further bearer-identification information,said further information being machine-detectable.

G11. The device of claim G10 in which the further information is encodedby an RF proximity circuit formed with the badge.

G12. The device of claim G10 in which the further information is encodedin a barcode on the badge.

G13. The device of claim G10 in which the further information is encodedin a magnetic stripe on the badge.

G14. A method of accessing a secured premise comprising:

presenting a badge to a sensor station;

generating optical data corresponding to a photograph on the badge;

processing the optical data to extract plural-bit auxiliary datasteganographically encoded therein;

machine-sensing the ID of the badge from data not encoded in thephotograph; and

checking correspondence between the machine-sensed ID and the auxiliarydata extracted from the photograph to determine whether access to thesecure premise is authorized.

I1. An image-based navigation system, comprising:

an optical input device;

a client application responsive to digital data encoded in an image; and

a router responsive to at least a part of said digital data.

I2. A computer storage medium having instructions thereon for causing acamera equipped computer system to engage in a training exercise with auser to familiarize the user with operation of a camera-based internetnavigation system.

I3. An internet navigation device comprising a substrate having an imageprinted thereon, the image having first and second data encodedtherewith, the first data comprising an owner code, the second datacomprising a router code, said device being useful in linking acamera-equipped computer system to an internet address.

I4. The device of claim I3 in which the owner and router codes aresteganographically encoded in the image.

I6. An image-based network navigation method permitting a user to linkto a remote computer, comprising:

detecting encoded data from a printed image;

linking to the remote computer through a network in accordance with saidencoded data; and

providing an identity of the image to the remote computer.

I7. In an internet navigation system comprising a client application incommunication with a remote router, a method comprising:

providing first data from the client application to the router;

providing plural data from the router to the client application;

at the client application, presenting a menu corresponding to saidplural data; and

accepting user input corresponding to one of said plural data.

I8. The method of claim I7 that includes deriving the first data fromimage data provided from an optical input device.

I9. The method of claim I8 that includes linking the client applicationto a web page corresponding to the accepted user input.

I10. The method of claim I9 that includes presenting to a user a brandeddisplay locally stored at the client application while waiting for thelinked web page to display.

I11. A router that accepts a routing code and responds with a URLcorresponding thereto, characterized in that at least one routing codecorresponds to plural URLs, each of which has temporal informationdetailing when the URL is to be used.

J2. A database method comprising:

generating a database record including plural data fields;

generating a file corresponding to said database record and includingdata from at least certain of said fields;

electronically distributing a copy of the file to each of pluralrecipients;

one of said recipients adding data to a copy of the file, or changingdata in a copy of the file, and sending the file to the database;

updating the database record in accordance with said changed file;

generating a new file corresponding to the updated database record andincluding data from at least certain of said fields; and

electronically distributing a copy of the new file to each of saidplural recipients.

J3. A system for linking from physical or digital objects tocorresponding digital resources, comprising:

registration means for receiving data relating to an object, includingits identity and owner, and associating same in a database with datarelating to a corresponding response;

originating device means for sensing data from an input object,processing same, and forwarding same to a routing means;

routing means for processing the processed data from the originatingdevice means, logging information from same, and forwarding at leastcertain of said processed data to a product handler means; and

product handler means for providing a response to the originating devicemeans in accordance with the information provided thereto by the routingmeans.

J4. The system of claim J3 in which the routing means includes means forchecking information in the database.

J5. The system of claim J3 in which the registration means includesmeans for generating an encapsulating file and means for distributingsaid file to predetermined parties.

J13. A networked computer system, responsive to watermark data sent froma remote client application to initiate delivery of audio or video data.

J14. The networked computer system of claim J13, responsive to watermarkdata sent from a software program on a remote computer, to initiatedelivery of audio or video data to said remote computer.

J16. A networked computer system, responsive to watermark data sent froma software program on a remote computer, to initiate delivery of updatedsoftware to said remote computer.

K1. In a scanner including a CPU, a memory, a linear sensor array, andfirst and second spaced-apart 2D sensor arrays serving as motionencoders, the CPU serving to process raw scan data collected by thelinear sensor array from an imaged object into final scan data inaccordance with scanner motion data provided from said 2D sensors, animprovement comprising software instructions in the memory causing thescanner to discern a machine-readable identifier from scan data acquiredfrom the object

K2. The scanner of claim K1, further comprising a wireless interface,and a display, said software instructions causing the scanner to relaythe identifier by the wireless interface to a remote server, and forprocessing information returned through the wireless interface forpresentation on said display.

K3. The scanner of claim K1 in which the software instructions cause theCPU to process data from the 2D sensor arrays for a purpose in additionto sensing scanner motion.

K4. The scanner of claim K3 in which said purpose includes beginning awatermark detection process before data from the linear sensor array isfinally processed.

K5. The scanner of claim K4 in which said purpose includes beginning tosense a watermark calibration signal.

K6. The scanner of claim K3 in which said purpose includes identifyingportions of the data collected by the linear sensor array that arerelatively more likely to include detectable identifier data.

K7. The scanner of claim K3 in which said purpose is to quantify anobject surface characteristic, wherein a filter can be applied to thescan data in accordance therewith.

K8. The scanner of claim K3 in which said purpose is to assess relativedistance to the object from different portions of the scanner.

K9. The scanner of claim K3 in which said purpose is to quantify anaffine distortion in the scan data, so that compensation may be appliedtherefore.

K10. The scanner of claim K1 in which the identifier issteganographically encoded as a digital watermark.

K11. The scanner of claim K1 in which the identifier is encoded as abarcode.

K12. A scanner comprising a linear sensor array, a CPU, an interface forcoupling to the internet, and a user interface including a displayscreen and user controls, the scanner being adapted to transmitmachine-readable data sensed from scanned objects to the internet, andfor presenting to a user HTML information received back from theinternet.

L1. In an image watermarking technique that includes changing anoptically-sensible pattern on an object, an improvement wherein theobject has a non-planar surface, and the watermark applied to saidsurface is pre-warped to precompensate for said non-planarity.

L2. The method of claim L1 in which the watermark is geometricallypre-warped.

L3. The method of claim L1 in which the object has a cylindricalsurface.

L4. The method of claim L3 in which the object is a container forconsumer goods.

L5. The method of claim L4 in which the object is a soft drink can.

L6. The method of claim L1 in which the watermark is pre-warped in atransform domain.

L7. The method of claim L6 in which the watermark is pre-warped in thewavelet domain.

L8. The method of claim L6 in which the watermark is pre-warped in theDCT domain.

L9. The method of claim L1 in which the watermark is pre-warped toaccount for a curvature-induced apparent geometrical distortion.

L10. The method of claim L1 in which said surface is pre-warped toaccount for a distance-induced apparent geometrical distortion.

L11. The method of claim L10 in which the watermark is pre-warped toaccount for a curvature-induced apparent geometrical distortion.

L12. In watermark decoding technique that includes analyzing a frame ofimage data to decode a watermark encoded therein, an improvementcomprising applying an unwarping function to the image data prior todecoding the watermark.

L13. The method of claim L12 which includes successively applyingdifferent unwarping functions to the image data to attempt to decodevalid watermark data therefrom.

L14. The method of claim L12 which includes selecting one or moreunwarping functions to apply based on information provided by a user.

L15. The method of claim L14 in which said information identifies ageneral class of objects to which the object belongs, withoutspecifically identifying a specific object shape.

Conclusion

Having described and illustrated the principles of our technology withreference to illustrative embodiments, it should be recognized that theinvention is not so limited.

For example, while certain of the embodiments were illustrated withreference to internet-based systems, the same techniques are similarlyapplicable to any other computer-based system. These includenon-internet based services such as America Online and Compuserve,dial-up bulletin board systems, etc. Likewise, for internet-basedembodiments, the use of web browsers and web pages is not essential;other digital navigation devices and other on-line data repositories canbe similarly accessed.

Similarly, while the details of illustrative systems were particularlygiven, the underlying principles can be employed in numerous otherforms.

For example, one other form is to steganographically encode physicalobjects with Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). The Center for NationalResearch Initiatives and the Digital Object Identifier Foundation(www.doi.org) have performed extensive work in establishing aninfrastructure by which digital objects can be distributed, tracked, andmanaged. Some of this same infrastructure and technology can be adapted,in accordance with the teachings provided above, to associate newfunctionality with physical objects.

Another form is not to reference a remote data repository by dataembedded on an object, but instead to encode the ultimate data directlyon the object. A photograph, for example, can be literally encoded witha telephone number. On presenting the photograph to an optical sensor onthe telephone, the telephone can analyze the optical information toextract the telephone number, and dial the number, without the need forany external data. Similarly, a printed office document (e.g.,spreadsheet) can be encoded with the path and file name of thecorresponding electronic file, obviating the need for indirect linking(e.g., to a remote database to correlate a UID to a computer address). Aperson's business card can directly encode that person's email or webaddress. Most of the above-described embodiments are suitable for suchdirect encoding of the related data.

In the business card example given above, the detailed techniques can besupplementary to existing optical character recognition techniques. Thatis, the image data from an optical sensor can be applied both to aBedoop decoder and to an OCR system. Text characters discerned by theOCR system can be entered directly into a contacts manager personaldatabase. The techniques employed in the Bedoop system to locate theencoded object and handle visual distortion (e.g., the visual artifactsdue to scale, rotation, etc.) can advantageously be used in OCRdetection as well, permitting extraction of the OCR information withoutcareful placement of the card.

While certain of the foregoing embodiments made reference to ink-jetprinting, similar advantages can often be obtained with other printingtechnologies, e.g., laser/xerographic printing, offset printing, etc.

In the foregoing embodiments, Bedoop decoding generally proceeded fromimage data obtained from a physical object However, in some contexts, itis advantageous to Bedoop-decode image data provided electronically,e.g., over the internet.

Likewise, while the foregoing embodiments generally relied on Bedoopimage sensors that stared out for an object at an expected point, inalternative embodiments, sensors that seek rather than stare can beemployed (as was illustrated above in connection with the elevatorexample).

Similarly, while the illustrated embodiments generally employed sensorsthat repeatedly grabbed frames of image data, this need not be the case.Single frame systems, such as flatbed scanners, and video systemsarranged to grab single frames—with or without TWAIN interfaces—canalternatively be used.

As indicated above, while steganographic encoding of the digital data isused in the preferred embodiments, visible forms of digitalencoding—such as bar codes—can naturally be employed where aestheticconsiderations permit.

In certain of the embodiments, digital data conveyed by means other thanoptical can be used. Electromagnetic detection (e.g., of the sort usedin proximity-based card-access systems) can be arranged to decodedigital data, permitting “at-a-distance” reading of data from physicalobjects, just as in the foregoing embodiments.

Since the Bedoop image sensors typically acquire plural frames of data,the extraction of the digital data can be based on more than a singleimage frame. More confidence in the results may be accumulating decodeddata over several frames. Moreover, movement of the object within thesensor's field of view may permit the system to acquire information fromother perspectives, etc., enhancing system operation.

While the preferred embodiments employ 2-D image sensors (e.g., CCDs),other optical sensing technology can alternatively be employed.Supermarket laser scanners, for example, can read bar-code data.Raster-scanning of such systems can permit acquisition of 2-D data(either in bit-mapped form, or grey-scale).

Some embodiments can advantageously employ texture-based Bedoop encodingof objects. Bedoop texturing can be effected by various means, includingpressure rollers, chemical or laser etching, etc.

It should be noted that the responses triggered by a watermark can bechanged over time. This extends the useful life of an encoded object.For example, an encoded link in a magazine ad for a 1999 Ford Explorerthat points to a Ford URL related to the 1999 Ford Explorer can beupdated to point to the URL for the 2000 model year version whenmarketing of the new model year vehicles commences.

In other embodiments, of course, a literal URL can be encoded, and canbe used to direct a browser or other information appliance to thataddress. Still further, a literal URL can be encoded, but notnecessarily used. Instead, the encoded URL can be mapped to an actualURL (i.e., a URL to which the browser is directed or to which a responseto the MediaBridge object is otherwise keyed) through a database. In onesuch embodiment, a URL is encoded in an object together with a futuredate. On “reading” the object, the local (client) computer checks theassociated date. If the date has not passed, the literal URL is used asthe actual URL If the date has passed, the client computer refers to thecode to a remote database (e.g., at the router) to obtain an actual URL(which may be the same—if no update has been required, or may be new).The actual URL is then used in providing a response to the MediaBridgeobject.

The implementation of the watermark encoding and decoding systems isstraightforward to artisans in the field, and thus not unduly belaboredhere. Conventionally, such technology is implemented by suitablesoftware, stored in long term memory (e.g., disk, ROM, etc.), andtransferred to temporary memory (e.g., RAM) for execution on anassociated CPU. In other implementations, the functionality can beachieved by dedicated hardware, or by a combination of hardware andsoftware. Reprogrammable logic, including FPGAs, can advantageously beemployed in certain implementations.

While the foregoing embodiments have generally employed planar objectsto convey the digital encoding, this need not be the case. Objects ofother shapes can likewise be employed. Some shapes present relativelystraightforward image processing tasks. As noted above, data imaged froma soft drink can or other cylindrical surface can be remapped usingknown geometrical transforms so as to essentially “unwrap” the printingfrom the can. Other geometries can present more complex re-mappings, butare likewise generally within the capabilities of the artisan. (Suchremapping is facilitated by encoding in the data certain referencemarkings, such as subliminal graticules, etc. The unknown 3D shape ofthe object being imaged can usually be inferred from the apparentwarping of the reference markings in the 2D image data generated by thescanner. Once the warping is characterized, it is generallystraightforward to un-warp so as to prepare the image data fordecoding.)

It was once popular to predict that paper documents would be replacedwith electronic media. In hindsight, electronic media may be recognizedas a poor surrogate for paper. Electronic media conveys informationflawlessly, but is lacking in experiential attributes. We can holdpaper, stack it, own it, deface it, give it, guard it, etc. It providesan opportunity for physical dominion entirely lacking with electronicmedia.

From the foregoing discussion it can be seen that, rather than replacingpaper with electronic media, perhaps the future lies in giving paperdigital attributes—hybridizing the physical experience of paper with thetechnical advantages of digital media. Such an arrangement makesavailable a great wealth of new functionality, now accessible throughfamiliar paper items, rather than through a “computer input peripheral.”

In view of the many embodiments to which the above-detailed principlesmay be applied, it should be recognized that the detailed embodimentsare illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope ofour invention. Rather, we claim as our invention all such embodiments asfall within the scope and spirit of the following claims, andequivalents thereto.

1. In a wireless telephony handset including a microphone, a modulator,and an RF amplifier, the handset serving to receive audio and transmitan RF signal conveying audio modulation, an improvement comprising a 2Doptical sensor producing optical data, a lens for imaging an object ontothe sensor, and a watermark decoder for decoding plural bit identifierdata conveyed by a digital watermark on the object.
 2. A method of usinga wireless telephone handset that includes a microphone, a 2D opticalsensor, and a wireless interface, the wireless interface being capableof transmitting an RF signal conveying information corresponding toaudio sensed by said microphone, the method comprising: presenting in afield of view of said 2D sensor a physical object bearing a digitalwatermark pattern, the pattern representing a plural-bit watermarkpayload; and decoding from the physical object said plural-bit watermarkpayload.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the physical object is a card.4. The method of claim 2 wherein the card is a playing card.